Merge branch 'master' into fix/backup-skip-corrupt-keyframe-data

72 files changed, 1854 insertions, 516 deletions

diff --git a/.github/workflows/commands.yml b/.github/workflows/commands.yml
index 6a0d7caa2e..b43ed3ee27 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/commands.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/commands.yml
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ jobs:
           repository: jellyfin/jellyfin-triage-script
 
       - name: install python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
         with:
           python-version: '3.14'
           cache: 'pip'
diff --git a/.github/workflows/issue-template-check.yml b/.github/workflows/issue-template-check.yml
index 9dec170d70..1d3294798b 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/issue-template-check.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/issue-template-check.yml
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ jobs:
           repository: jellyfin/jellyfin-triage-script
 
       - name: install python
-        uses: actions/setup-python@ece7cb06caefa5fff74198d8649806c4678c61a1 # v6.3.0
+        uses: actions/setup-python@5fda3b95a4ea91299a34e894583c3862153e4b97 # v7.0.0
         with:
           python-version: '3.14'
           cache: 'pip'
diff --git a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Dto/DtoService.cs b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Dto/DtoService.cs
index 5c76c4014a..8cbf42585d 100644
--- a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Dto/DtoService.cs
+++ b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Dto/DtoService.cs
@@ -1385,38 +1385,22 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Dto
                     }
                 }
 
-                if (options.PreferEpisodeParentPoster)
+                if (options.GetImageLimit(ImageType.Primary) > 0)
                 {
                     var episodeSeason = episode.Season;
                     var seasonPrimaryTag = episodeSeason is not null
                         ? GetTagAndFillBlurhash(dto, episodeSeason, ImageType.Primary)
                         : null;
 
-                    BaseItem? posterParent = null;
                     if (seasonPrimaryTag is not null)
                     {
                         dto.ParentPrimaryImageItemId = episodeSeason!.Id;
                         dto.ParentPrimaryImageTag = seasonPrimaryTag;
-                        posterParent = episodeSeason;
                     }
                     else if (episodeSeries is not null && dto.SeriesPrimaryImageTag is not null)
                     {
                         dto.ParentPrimaryImageItemId = episodeSeries.Id;
                         dto.ParentPrimaryImageTag = dto.SeriesPrimaryImageTag;
-                        posterParent = episodeSeries;
-                    }
-
-                    if (posterParent is not null)
-                    {
-                        if (dto.ImageTags is not null && dto.ImageTags.Remove(ImageType.Primary, out var ownPrimaryTag))
-                        {
-                            // Only drop the episode's own primary blurhash; keep the poster parent's.
-                            dto.ImageBlurHashes?.GetValueOrDefault(ImageType.Primary)?.Remove(ownPrimaryTag);
-                        }
-
-                        dto.SeriesPrimaryImageTag = null;
-                        dto.PrimaryImageAspectRatio = null;
-                        AttachPrimaryImageAspectRatio(dto, posterParent);
                     }
                 }
 
diff --git a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Images/CollectionFolderImageProvider.cs b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Images/CollectionFolderImageProvider.cs
index b701e7eb6d..7cae2a671b 100644
--- a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Images/CollectionFolderImageProvider.cs
+++ b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Images/CollectionFolderImageProvider.cs
@@ -31,6 +31,12 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Images
             var includeItemTypes = DtoExtensions.GetBaseItemKindsForCollectionType(viewType);
             var recursive = viewType != CollectionType.playlists;
 
+            if (viewType == CollectionType.music)
+            {
+                // Music albums usually don't have dedicated backdrops, so use artist instead
+                includeItemTypes = [BaseItemKind.MusicArtist];
+            }
+
             return view.GetItemList(new InternalItemsQuery
             {
                 CollapseBoxSetItems = false,
diff --git a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/MediaSourceManager.cs b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/MediaSourceManager.cs
index c64833ddaa..97e00177b6 100644
--- a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/MediaSourceManager.cs
+++ b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/MediaSourceManager.cs
@@ -418,10 +418,10 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
         }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Populates each source's own playback position for the user and, when the queried item is a
-        /// primary, moves the most recently played version to the front so that resuming without an
-        /// explicit source selection plays the version that was last watched. A directly queried
-        /// alternate version keeps its own source first.
+        /// When the queried item is a primary, moves the most recently played version to the front so
+        /// that resuming without an explicit source selection plays the version that was last watched.
+        /// A directly queried alternate version keeps its own source first. Per-user playback position
+        /// is not surfaced on the source itself; it is carried by each version's own UserData.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="item">The queried item.</param>
         /// <param name="sources">The item's media sources.</param>
@@ -451,16 +451,6 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
                 }
             }
 
-            foreach (var source in sources)
-            {
-                if (source.Id is not null
-                    && dataBySourceId.TryGetValue(source.Id, out var data)
-                    && data.PlaybackPositionTicks > 0)
-                {
-                    source.PlaybackPositionTicks = data.PlaybackPositionTicks;
-                }
-            }
-
             // Reorder only for a resumable (in-progress) version;
             // a completed version has no position to resume, so it must not be pulled to the front here.
             var resumeSource = VersionPlaybackSelector.SelectMostRecentlyPlayed(
diff --git a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/PathExtensions.cs b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/PathExtensions.cs
index 7591359ea4..7d0f3900c5 100644
--- a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/PathExtensions.cs
+++ b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/PathExtensions.cs
@@ -29,17 +29,41 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
                 throw new ArgumentException("String can't be empty.", nameof(attribute));
             }
 
-            var attributeIndex = str.IndexOf(attribute, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+            // Allow tmdb as an alias for tmdbid, tvdb for tvdbid, etc.
+            // The code below only supports aliases for attributes in the form of "<alias>id".
+            ReadOnlySpan<char> shortAttr = attribute switch
+            {
+                _ when attribute.Equals("tmdbid", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) => "tmdb",
+                _ when attribute.Equals("tvdbid", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) => "tvdb",
+                _ when attribute.Equals("imdbid", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) => "imdb",
+                _ => ReadOnlySpan<char>.Empty
+            };
 
-            // Must be at least 3 characters after the attribute =, ], any character,
-            // then we offset it by 1, because we want the index and not length.
-            var maxIndex = str.Length - attribute.Length - 2;
-            while (attributeIndex > -1 && attributeIndex < maxIndex)
+            for (int strIndex = 0, attributeIndex = 0; attributeIndex > -1;)
             {
-                var attributeEnd = attributeIndex + attribute.Length;
+                // We may want to use imdbid pattern matching later, so we don't want to modify the original 'str'.
+                var subStr = str[strIndex..];
+                int attributeEnd = 0;
+
+                if (shortAttr.Length > 0)
+                {
+                    // If we are using an alias it should be shorter (and a prefix), so let's search for that.
+                    attributeIndex = subStr.IndexOf(shortAttr, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                    attributeEnd = attributeIndex + shortAttr.Length;
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    attributeIndex = subStr.IndexOf(attribute, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+                    attributeEnd = attributeIndex + attribute.Length;
+                }
+
+                // The next iteration should start at the end of the attribute we just found.
+                // If attributeIndex < 0, the loop will end and strIndex won't be used again.
+                strIndex += attributeEnd;
+
                 if (attributeIndex > 0)
                 {
-                    var attributeOpener = str[attributeIndex - 1];
+                    var attributeOpener = subStr[attributeIndex - 1];
                     var attributeCloser = attributeOpener switch
                     {
                         '[' => ']',
@@ -47,20 +71,37 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
                         '{' => '}',
                         _ => '\0'
                     };
-                    if (attributeCloser != '\0' && (str[attributeEnd] == '=' || str[attributeEnd] == '-'))
+
+                    if (attributeCloser != '\0')
                     {
-                        var closingIndex = str[attributeEnd..].IndexOf(attributeCloser);
+                        if (shortAttr.Length > 0
+                            && attributeEnd + 1 < subStr.Length
+                            && (subStr[attributeEnd] is 'i' or 'I')
+                            && (subStr[attributeEnd + 1] is 'd' or 'D'))
+                        {
+                            // We were searching for a shortened attribute, but it's followed by "id" - let's skip it.
+                            attributeEnd += 2;
+                        }
 
-                        // Must be at least 1 character before the closing bracket.
-                        if (closingIndex > 1)
+                        // attributeEnd points at '='.
+                        // We need at least 1 more character and the closing bracket after that.
+                        if (attributeEnd + 2 < subStr.Length && (subStr[attributeEnd] is '=' or '-'))
                         {
-                            return str[(attributeEnd + 1)..(attributeEnd + closingIndex)].Trim().ToString();
+                            var closingIndex = subStr[attributeEnd..].IndexOf(attributeCloser);
+
+                            // Must be at least 1 character before the closing bracket.
+                            if (closingIndex > 1)
+                            {
+                                var trimmed = subStr[(attributeEnd + 1)..(attributeEnd + closingIndex)].Trim();
+
+                                if (trimmed.Length > 0)
+                                {
+                                    return trimmed.ToString();
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
                     }
                 }
-
-                str = str[attributeEnd..];
-                attributeIndex = str.IndexOf(attribute, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
             }
 
             // for imdbid we also accept pattern matching
@@ -70,16 +111,6 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
                 return match ? imdbId.ToString() : null;
             }
 
-            // Allow tmdb as an alias for tmdbid
-            if (attribute.Equals("tmdbid", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                var tmdbValue = str.GetAttributeValue("tmdb");
-                if (tmdbValue is not null)
-                {
-                    return tmdbValue;
-                }
-            }
-
             return null;
         }
 
diff --git a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/Resolvers/Movies/MovieResolver.cs b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/Resolvers/Movies/MovieResolver.cs
index 68b66ab7f5..80375ae12d 100644
--- a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/Resolvers/Movies/MovieResolver.cs
+++ b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/Resolvers/Movies/MovieResolver.cs
@@ -376,15 +376,24 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library.Resolvers.Movies
                 // We need to only look at the name of this actual item (not parents)
                 var justName = item.IsInMixedFolder ? Path.GetFileName(item.Path.AsSpan()) : Path.GetFileName(item.ContainingFolderPath.AsSpan());
 
-                var tmdbid = justName.GetAttributeValue("tmdbid");
+                // The fallback filename is only used when the item isn't in a mixed folder
+                var fileName = item.IsInMixedFolder ? ReadOnlySpan<char>.Empty : Path.GetFileName(item.Path.AsSpan());
 
-                // If not in a mixed folder and ID not found in folder path, check filename
-                if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(tmdbid) && !item.IsInMixedFolder)
+                item.TrySetProviderId(MetadataProvider.Tmdb, GetIdFromNameOrPath(justName, fileName, "tmdbid"));
+                item.TrySetProviderId(MetadataProvider.Tvdb, GetIdFromNameOrPath(justName, fileName, "tvdbid"));
+
+                string GetIdFromNameOrPath(ReadOnlySpan<char> name, ReadOnlySpan<char> fallbackName, string attribute)
                 {
-                    tmdbid = Path.GetFileName(item.Path.AsSpan()).GetAttributeValue("tmdbid");
-                }
+                    var id = name.GetAttributeValue(attribute);
+
+                    // If not in a mixed folder and ID not found in folder path, check filename
+                    if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(id) && !item.IsInMixedFolder)
+                    {
+                        id = fallbackName.GetAttributeValue(attribute);
+                    }
 
-                item.TrySetProviderId(MetadataProvider.Tmdb, tmdbid);
+                    return id;
+                }
 
                 if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(item.Path))
                 {
diff --git a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/UserDataManager.cs b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/UserDataManager.cs
index 40cd2bb69c..f5c41e5670 100644
--- a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/UserDataManager.cs
+++ b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Library/UserDataManager.cs
@@ -192,7 +192,8 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
                 }
                 else
                 {
-                    var userData = item.UserData?.Where(e => e.UserId.Equals(user.Id)).Select(Map).FirstOrDefault();
+                    var userDataRow = ResolveUserDataRow(item, item.UserData?.Where(e => e.UserId.Equals(user.Id)));
+                    var userData = userDataRow is not null ? Map(userDataRow) : null;
                     if (userData is not null)
                     {
                         result[item.Id] = userData;
@@ -211,37 +212,32 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
                 return result;
             }
 
-            // Build a single query for all missing items
+            // Build a single query for all missing items. Fetch rows by item alone so rows kept
+            // under keys from older metadata resolve the same way as the in-memory path.
             var allItemIds = itemsNeedingQuery.Select(x => x.Item.Id).ToList();
-            var allKeys = itemsNeedingQuery.SelectMany(x => x.Keys).Distinct().ToList();
-            if (allKeys.Count > 0)
-            {
-                using var context = _repository.CreateDbContext();
-                var userDataArray = context.UserData
-                    .AsNoTracking()
-                    .Where(e => e.UserId.Equals(user.Id))
-                    .WhereOneOrMany(allItemIds, e => e.ItemId)
-                    .WhereOneOrMany(allKeys, e => e.CustomDataKey)
-                    .ToArray();
-
-                var userDataByItem = userDataArray.GroupBy(e => e.ItemId).ToDictionary(g => g.Key, g => g.ToArray());
-                foreach (var (item, keys) in itemsNeedingQuery)
+            using var context = _repository.CreateDbContext();
+            var userDataArray = context.UserData
+                .AsNoTracking()
+                .Where(e => e.UserId.Equals(user.Id))
+                .WhereOneOrMany(allItemIds, e => e.ItemId)
+                .ToArray();
+
+            var userDataByItem = userDataArray.GroupBy(e => e.ItemId).ToDictionary(g => g.Key, g => g.ToArray());
+            foreach (var (item, keys) in itemsNeedingQuery)
+            {
+                UserItemData userData;
+                if (userDataByItem.TryGetValue(item.Id, out var itemUserData) && itemUserData.Length > 0)
                 {
-                    UserItemData userData;
-                    if (userDataByItem.TryGetValue(item.Id, out var itemUserData) && itemUserData.Length > 0)
-                    {
-                        var directDataReference = itemUserData.FirstOrDefault(e => e.CustomDataKey == item.Id.ToString("N"));
-                        userData = directDataReference is not null ? Map(directDataReference) : Map(itemUserData.First());
-                    }
-                    else
-                    {
-                        userData = new UserItemData { Key = keys.Count > 0 ? keys[0] : string.Empty };
-                    }
-
-                    result[item.Id] = userData;
-                    var cacheKey = GetCacheKey(user.InternalId, item.Id);
-                    _cache.AddOrUpdate(cacheKey, userData);
+                    userData = Map(ResolveUserDataRow(item, itemUserData)!);
                 }
+                else
+                {
+                    userData = new UserItemData { Key = keys.Count > 0 ? keys[0] : string.Empty };
+                }
+
+                result[item.Id] = userData;
+                var cacheKey = GetCacheKey(user.InternalId, item.Id);
+                _cache.AddOrUpdate(cacheKey, userData);
             }
 
             return result;
@@ -291,8 +287,8 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
             {
                 using var dbContext = _repository.CreateDbContext();
                 withLocalAlternates = dbContext.LinkedChildren
-                    .Where(lc => lc.ChildType == Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Entities.LinkedChildType.LocalAlternateVersion
-                        && localProbeIds.Contains(lc.ParentId))
+                    .Where(lc => lc.ChildType == Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Entities.LinkedChildType.LocalAlternateVersion)
+                    .WhereOneOrMany(localProbeIds, lc => lc.ParentId)
                     .Select(lc => lc.ParentId)
                     .Distinct()
                     .ToHashSet();
@@ -356,12 +352,40 @@ namespace Emby.Server.Implementations.Library
         /// <inheritdoc />
         public UserItemData? GetUserData(User user, BaseItem item)
         {
-            return item.UserData?.Where(e => e.UserId.Equals(user.Id)).Select(Map).FirstOrDefault() ?? new UserItemData()
+            var row = ResolveUserDataRow(item, item.UserData?.Where(e => e.UserId.Equals(user.Id)));
+            return row is not null ? Map(row) : new UserItemData()
             {
                 Key = item.GetUserDataKeys()[0],
             };
         }
 
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Picks the row matching the item's current user data keys, in key order, so rows left behind
+        /// under keys from older metadata don't take priority over the rows the write path updates.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="item">The item whose keys to match.</param>
+        /// <param name="rows">The candidate user data rows for a single user.</param>
+        /// <returns>The best matching row, or <c>null</c> when there are none.</returns>
+        private static UserData? ResolveUserDataRow(BaseItem item, IEnumerable<UserData>? rows)
+        {
+            var candidates = rows?.ToList();
+            if (candidates is null || candidates.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return null;
+            }
+
+            foreach (var key in item.GetUserDataKeys())
+            {
+                var match = candidates.Find(e => string.Equals(e.CustomDataKey, key, StringComparison.Ordinal));
+                if (match is not null)
+                {
+                    return match;
+                }
+            }
+
+            return candidates[0];
+        }
+
         /// <inheritdoc />
         public UserItemDataDto? GetUserDataDto(BaseItem item, User user)
             => GetUserDataDto(item, null, user, new DtoOptions());
diff --git a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/fo.json b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/fo.json
index 4fb9f4329c..8605a752db 100644
--- a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/fo.json
+++ b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/fo.json
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 {
     "Artists": "Listafólk",
     "Collections": "Søvn",
-    "Default": "Sjálvgildi",
+    "Default": "Forsett",
     "External": "Ytri",
     "Genres": "Greinar",
     "AppDeviceValues": "App: {0}, Eind: {1}",
@@ -12,5 +12,41 @@
     "Forced": "Kravt",
     "FailedLoginAttemptWithUserName": "Miseydnað innritanarroynd frá {0}",
     "HeaderFavoriteEpisodes": "Yndispartar",
-    "LabelIpAddressValue": "IP atsetur: {0}"
+    "LabelIpAddressValue": "IP-atsetur: {0}",
+    "AuthenticationSucceededWithUserName": "{0} varð samgildur",
+    "HeaderFavoriteShows": "Yndisrøðir",
+    "HeaderLiveTV": "Beinleiðis sjónvarp",
+    "HearingImpaired": "Hoyrnarveik",
+    "Inherit": "Arvar",
+    "LabelRunningTimeValue": "Spælitíð: {0}",
+    "Latest": "Seinastu",
+    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Miseydnaðist at niðurtakað sangtekst fyri {1} frá {0}",
+    "NameInstallFailed": "{0} innlegging miseydnaðist",
+    "NewVersionIsAvailable": "Ein nýggj útgáva av Jellyfin ambætaranum er tøk.",
+    "NotificationOptionNewLibraryContent": "Nýtt tilfar innlagt",
+    "NotificationOptionPluginInstalled": "Ískoytisforrit innlagt",
+    "NotificationOptionPluginUninstalled": "Ískoytisforrit strikað",
+    "NotificationOptionPluginUpdateInstalled": "Ískoytisforrit dagført",
+    "NotificationOptionUserLockedOut": "Brúkari útihýstur",
+    "Photos": "Ljósmyndir",
+    "PluginInstalledWithName": "{0} var innlagt",
+    "PluginUninstalledWithName": "{0} var strikað",
+    "PluginUpdatedWithName": "{0} varð dagført",
+    "Shows": "Røðir",
+    "SubtitleDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Miseydnaðist at niðurtakað undirtekstir til {1} frá {0}",
+    "TvShows": "Sjónvarpsrøðir",
+    "UserCreatedWithName": "Brúkari {0} er stovnaður",
+    "UserDeletedWithName": "Brúkari {0} er strikaður",
+    "UserDownloadingItemWithValues": "{0} niðurtekur {1}",
+    "UserLockedOutWithName": "Brúkari {0} er útihýstur",
+    "VersionNumber": "Útgáva {0}",
+    "TasksLibraryCategory": "Savn",
+    "TaskRefreshLibrary": "Skanna miðlasavn",
+    "TaskCleanLogsDescription": "Strikar gerðalistafílur eldri enn {0} dagar.",
+    "TaskUpdatePlugins": "Dagfør ískoytisforrit",
+    "TaskRefreshChannels": "Endurinnles rásir",
+    "TaskDownloadMissingLyricsDescription": "Niðurtekur sangtekstir",
+    "Movies": "Filmar",
+    "MixedContent": "Blandað innihald",
+    "Music": "Tónleikur"
 }
diff --git a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/hr.json b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/hr.json
index 8794339fb1..442c26b30b 100644
--- a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/hr.json
+++ b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/hr.json
@@ -107,5 +107,6 @@
     "TaskMoveTrickplayImagesDescription": "Premješta postojeće datoteke brzog pregledavanja u postavke biblioteke.",
     "CleanupUserDataTask": "Zadatak čišćenja korisničkih podataka",
     "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "Briše sve korisničke podatke (stanje gledanja, status favorita itd.) s medija koji više nisu prisutni najmanje 90 dana.",
-    "Original": "Original"
+    "Original": "Original",
+    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "Preuzimanje tekstova pjesmi od {0} za {1} nije uspjelo"
 }
diff --git a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/zh-TW.json b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/zh-TW.json
index 5dace3b0b7..4e0dff87b9 100644
--- a/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/zh-TW.json
+++ b/Emby.Server.Implementations/Localization/Core/zh-TW.json
@@ -106,5 +106,7 @@
     "TaskMoveTrickplayImages": "遷移快轉縮圖位置",
     "TaskMoveTrickplayImagesDescription": "根據媒體庫的設定遷移快轉縮圖的檔案。",
     "CleanupUserDataTask": "用戶資料清理工作",
-    "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "從用戶資料中清除已被刪除超過 90 天的媒體的相關資料。"
+    "CleanupUserDataTaskDescription": "從用戶資料中清除已被刪除超過 90 天的媒體的相關資料。",
+    "Original": "原作",
+    "LyricDownloadFailureFromForItem": "無法從 {0} 下載 {1} 的歌詞"
 }
diff --git a/Emby.Server.Implementations/ScheduledTasks/Tasks/AudioNormalizationTask.cs b/Emby.Server.Implementations/ScheduledTasks/Tasks/AudioNormalizationTask.cs
index b2dc89be28..e4939205c9 100644
--- a/Emby.Server.Implementations/ScheduledTasks/Tasks/AudioNormalizationTask.cs
+++ b/Emby.Server.Implementations/ScheduledTasks/Tasks/AudioNormalizationTask.cs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
 using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
@@ -234,7 +235,7 @@ public partial class AudioNormalizationTask : IScheduledTask
             {
                 FileName = _mediaEncoder.EncoderPath,
                 Arguments = args,
-                RedirectStandardOutput = false,
+                StandardErrorEncoding = Encoding.UTF8,
                 RedirectStandardError = true
             },
         })
diff --git a/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/ActivityLogController.cs b/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/ActivityLogController.cs
index d6cc0e71a4..8e17dd7d53 100644
--- a/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/ActivityLogController.cs
+++ b/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/ActivityLogController.cs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 using System;
-using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Jellyfin.Api.Helpers;
 using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
 using Jellyfin.Data.Queries;
 using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Enums;
@@ -84,36 +84,9 @@ public class ActivityLogController : BaseJellyfinApiController
             ItemId = itemId,
             Username = username,
             Severity = severity,
-            OrderBy = GetOrderBy(sortBy ?? [], sortOrder ?? []),
+            OrderBy = RequestHelpers.GetOrderBy(sortBy ?? [], sortOrder ?? []),
         };
 
         return await _activityManager.GetPagedResultAsync(query).ConfigureAwait(false);
     }
-
-    private static (ActivityLogSortBy SortBy, SortOrder SortOrder)[] GetOrderBy(
-        IReadOnlyList<ActivityLogSortBy> sortBy,
-        IReadOnlyList<SortOrder> requestedSortOrder)
-    {
-        if (sortBy.Count == 0)
-        {
-            return [];
-        }
-
-        var result = new (ActivityLogSortBy, SortOrder)[sortBy.Count];
-        var i = 0;
-        for (; i < requestedSortOrder.Count; i++)
-        {
-            result[i] = (sortBy[i], requestedSortOrder[i]);
-        }
-
-        // Add remaining elements with the first specified SortOrder
-        // or the default one if no SortOrders are specified
-        var order = requestedSortOrder.Count > 0 ? requestedSortOrder[0] : SortOrder.Ascending;
-        for (; i < sortBy.Count; i++)
-        {
-            result[i] = (sortBy[i], order);
-        }
-
-        return result;
-    }
 }
diff --git a/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/HlsSegmentController.cs b/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/HlsSegmentController.cs
index b5365cd632..c61ee45830 100644
--- a/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/HlsSegmentController.cs
+++ b/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/HlsSegmentController.cs
@@ -60,11 +60,8 @@ public class HlsSegmentController : BaseJellyfinApiController
     public ActionResult GetHlsAudioSegmentLegacy([FromRoute, Required] string itemId, [FromRoute, Required] string segmentId)
     {
         // TODO: Deprecate with new iOS app
-        var file = string.Concat(segmentId, Path.GetExtension(Request.Path.Value.AsSpan()));
-        var transcodePath = _serverConfigurationManager.GetTranscodePath();
-        file = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(transcodePath, file));
-        var fileDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(file);
-        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(fileDir) || !fileDir.StartsWith(transcodePath, StringComparison.InvariantCulture))
+        var file = ValidateTranscodePath(string.Concat(segmentId, Path.GetExtension(Request.Path.Value.AsSpan())));
+        if (file is null)
         {
             return BadRequest("Invalid segment.");
         }
@@ -86,12 +83,9 @@ public class HlsSegmentController : BaseJellyfinApiController
     [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Performance", "CA1801:ReviewUnusedParameters", MessageId = "itemId", Justification = "Required for ServiceStack")]
     public ActionResult GetHlsPlaylistLegacy([FromRoute, Required] string itemId, [FromRoute, Required] string playlistId)
     {
-        var file = string.Concat(playlistId, Path.GetExtension(Request.Path.Value.AsSpan()));
-        var transcodePath = _serverConfigurationManager.GetTranscodePath();
-        file = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(transcodePath, file));
-        var fileDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(file);
-        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(fileDir) || !fileDir.StartsWith(transcodePath, StringComparison.InvariantCulture)
-            || Path.GetExtension(file.AsSpan()).Equals(".m3u8", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        var file = ValidateTranscodePath(string.Concat(playlistId, Path.GetExtension(Request.Path.Value.AsSpan())));
+        if (file is null
+            || !Path.GetExtension(file.AsSpan()).Equals(".m3u8", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
         {
             return BadRequest("Invalid segment.");
         }
@@ -140,18 +134,13 @@ public class HlsSegmentController : BaseJellyfinApiController
         [FromRoute, Required] string segmentId,
         [FromRoute, Required] string segmentContainer)
     {
-        var file = string.Concat(segmentId, Path.GetExtension(Request.Path.Value.AsSpan()));
-        var transcodeFolderPath = _serverConfigurationManager.GetTranscodePath();
-
-        file = Path.GetFullPath(Path.Combine(transcodeFolderPath, file));
-        var fileDir = Path.GetDirectoryName(file);
-        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(fileDir) || !fileDir.StartsWith(transcodeFolderPath, StringComparison.InvariantCulture))
+        var file = ValidateTranscodePath(string.Concat(segmentId, Path.GetExtension(Request.Path.Value.AsSpan())));
+        if (file is null)
         {
             return BadRequest("Invalid segment.");
         }
 
-        var normalizedPlaylistId = playlistId;
-
+        var transcodeFolderPath = _serverConfigurationManager.GetTranscodePath();
         var filePaths = _fileSystem.GetFilePaths(transcodeFolderPath);
         // Add . to start of segment container for future use.
         segmentContainer = segmentContainer.Insert(0, ".");
@@ -161,7 +150,7 @@ public class HlsSegmentController : BaseJellyfinApiController
             var pathExtension = Path.GetExtension(path);
             if ((string.Equals(pathExtension, segmentContainer, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
                  || string.Equals(pathExtension, ".m3u8", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-                && path.Contains(normalizedPlaylistId, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+                && path.Contains(playlistId, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
             {
                 playlistPath = path;
                 break;
@@ -173,6 +162,19 @@ public class HlsSegmentController : BaseJellyfinApiController
             : GetFileResult(file, playlistPath);
     }
 
+    private string? ValidateTranscodePath(string filename)
+    {
+        var transcodePath = Path.TrimEndingDirectorySeparator(Path.GetFullPath(_serverConfigurationManager.GetTranscodePath()));
+        var file = Path.GetFullPath(filename, transcodePath);
+        // Require a separator after the transcode path so a sibling like "<transcodePath>-evil" can't pass.
+        if (!file.StartsWith(transcodePath + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
+        {
+            return null;
+        }
+
+        return file;
+    }
+
     private ActionResult GetFileResult(string path, string playlistPath)
     {
         var transcodingJob = _transcodeManager.OnTranscodeBeginRequest(playlistPath, TranscodingJobType.Hls);
diff --git a/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/ItemUpdateController.cs b/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/ItemUpdateController.cs
index 70b09a4a29..e26264d292 100644
--- a/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/ItemUpdateController.cs
+++ b/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/ItemUpdateController.cs
@@ -302,6 +302,8 @@ public class ItemUpdateController : BaseJellyfinApiController
         {
             foreach (var season in rseries.Children.OfType<Season>())
             {
+                season.SeriesName = rseries.Name;
+
                 if (!season.LockedFields.Contains(MetadataField.OfficialRating))
                 {
                     season.OfficialRating = request.OfficialRating;
@@ -319,6 +321,8 @@ public class ItemUpdateController : BaseJellyfinApiController
 
                 foreach (var ep in season.Children.OfType<Episode>())
                 {
+                    ep.SeriesName = rseries.Name;
+
                     if (!ep.LockedFields.Contains(MetadataField.OfficialRating))
                     {
                         ep.OfficialRating = request.OfficialRating;
diff --git a/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/PluginsController.cs b/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/PluginsController.cs
index 0105ecf7a7..2c84fde972 100644
--- a/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/PluginsController.cs
+++ b/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/PluginsController.cs
@@ -226,10 +226,13 @@ public class PluginsController : BaseJellyfinApiController
             return NotFound();
         }
 
-        if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(plugin.Manifest.ImagePath))
+        string? imagePath = plugin.Manifest.ImagePath;
+        if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(imagePath))
         {
-            var imagePath = Path.Combine(plugin.Path, plugin.Manifest.ImagePath);
-            if (!System.IO.File.Exists(imagePath))
+            var pluginPath = Path.TrimEndingDirectorySeparator(Path.GetFullPath(plugin.Path));
+            imagePath = Path.GetFullPath(imagePath, pluginPath);
+            // Require a separator after the plugin path so a sibling like "<pluginPath>-evil" can't pass.
+            if (imagePath.StartsWith(pluginPath + Path.DirectorySeparatorChar, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) is false || System.IO.File.Exists(imagePath) is false)
             {
                 return NotFound();
             }
diff --git a/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/UserLibraryController.cs b/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/UserLibraryController.cs
index 25f781e496..a718035528 100644
--- a/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/UserLibraryController.cs
+++ b/Jellyfin.Api/Controllers/UserLibraryController.cs
@@ -551,8 +551,6 @@ public class UserLibraryController : BaseJellyfinApiController
         var dtoOptions = new DtoOptions { Fields = fields }
             .AddAdditionalDtoOptions(enableImages, enableUserData, imageTypeLimit, enableImageTypes);
 
-        dtoOptions.PreferEpisodeParentPoster = true;
-
         var list = _userViewManager.GetLatestItems(
             new LatestItemsQuery
             {
diff --git a/Jellyfin.Api/Extensions/DtoExtensions.cs b/Jellyfin.Api/Extensions/DtoExtensions.cs
index 09793553c2..36a8e197a2 100644
--- a/Jellyfin.Api/Extensions/DtoExtensions.cs
+++ b/Jellyfin.Api/Extensions/DtoExtensions.cs
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ public static class DtoExtensions
             case CollectionType.tvshows:
                 return [BaseItemKind.Series];
             case CollectionType.music:
-                return [BaseItemKind.MusicAlbum, BaseItemKind.MusicArtist];
+                return [BaseItemKind.MusicAlbum];
             case CollectionType.musicvideos:
                 return [BaseItemKind.MusicVideo];
             case CollectionType.books:
diff --git a/Jellyfin.Api/Helpers/RequestHelpers.cs b/Jellyfin.Api/Helpers/RequestHelpers.cs
index 5072f902da..d14c3a9343 100644
--- a/Jellyfin.Api/Helpers/RequestHelpers.cs
+++ b/Jellyfin.Api/Helpers/RequestHelpers.cs
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@ using System.Security.Claims;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using Jellyfin.Api.Constants;
 using Jellyfin.Api.Extensions;
-using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
 using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Entities;
 using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Enums;
 using Jellyfin.Extensions;
@@ -31,15 +30,16 @@ public static class RequestHelpers
     /// </summary>
     /// <param name="sortBy">Sort By. Comma delimited string.</param>
     /// <param name="requestedSortOrder">Sort Order. Comma delimited string.</param>
+    /// <typeparam name="TSortBy">The type of the sort by field.</typeparam>
     /// <returns>Order By.</returns>
-    public static (ItemSortBy, SortOrder)[] GetOrderBy(IReadOnlyList<ItemSortBy> sortBy, IReadOnlyList<SortOrder> requestedSortOrder)
+    public static (TSortBy, SortOrder)[] GetOrderBy<TSortBy>(IReadOnlyList<TSortBy> sortBy, IReadOnlyList<SortOrder> requestedSortOrder)
     {
         if (sortBy.Count == 0)
         {
-            return Array.Empty<(ItemSortBy, SortOrder)>();
+            return Array.Empty<(TSortBy, SortOrder)>();
         }
 
-        var result = new (ItemSortBy, SortOrder)[sortBy.Count];
+        var result = new (TSortBy, SortOrder)[sortBy.Count];
         var i = 0;
         // Add elements which have a SortOrder specified
         for (; i < requestedSortOrder.Count; i++)
diff --git a/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Item/BaseItemRepository.TranslateQuery.cs b/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Item/BaseItemRepository.TranslateQuery.cs
index 52cebccc37..1198f99473 100644
--- a/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Item/BaseItemRepository.TranslateQuery.cs
+++ b/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Item/BaseItemRepository.TranslateQuery.cs
@@ -557,8 +557,13 @@ public sealed partial class BaseItemRepository
                     : baseQuery.Where(e => inProgressIds.Contains(e.Id));
 
                 // When several versions of the same item are in progress, keep only the most recently played one, use id as tiebreaker.
+                // Only in-progress siblings can eliminate a candidate: a version without progress has a NULL max LastPlayedDate,
+                // which is never greater and never ties. Restricting the sibling scan to the in-progress set keeps this bounded by
+                // the user's Continue Watching count instead of forcing a full BaseItems scan (COALESCE keys are non-indexable) per row.
                 baseQuery = baseQuery.Where(e => e.Type == seriesTypeName || !context.BaseItems
-                    .Where(s => s.Id != e.Id && (s.PrimaryVersionId ?? s.Id) == (e.PrimaryVersionId ?? e.Id))
+                    .Where(s => s.Id != e.Id
+                        && inProgressIds.Contains(s.Id)
+                        && (s.PrimaryVersionId ?? s.Id) == (e.PrimaryVersionId ?? e.Id))
                     .Any(s =>
                         inProgress.Where(su => su.ItemId == s.Id).Max(su => su.LastPlayedDate)
                             > inProgress.Where(eu => eu.ItemId == e.Id).Max(eu => eu.LastPlayedDate)
diff --git a/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Users/UserManager.cs b/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Users/UserManager.cs
index 583f29f94f..41648268a9 100644
--- a/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Users/UserManager.cs
+++ b/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations/Users/UserManager.cs
@@ -616,6 +616,12 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
                                 .SetProperty(f => f.LastActivityDate, date)
                                 .SetProperty(f => f.LastLoginDate, date))
                             .ConfigureAwait(false);
+
+                        // ExecuteUpdateAsync bypasses the change tracker, so keep the
+                        // returned entity in sync. Otherwise SessionManager.LogSessionActivity
+                        // saves this (stale) entity in full and reverts LastLoginDate.
+                        user.LastActivityDate = date;
+                        user.LastLoginDate = date;
                     }
 
                     await dbContext.Users
@@ -883,8 +889,20 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users
                 var dbContext = await _dbProvider.CreateDbContextAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
                 await using (dbContext.ConfigureAwait(false))
                 {
-                    dbContext.Remove(user.ProfileImage);
-                    await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    // Remove the tracked profile image loaded from the database instead of the
+                    // detached instance on the passed in user. That instance can carry a stale,
+                    // never-persisted (temporary) key, which makes EF Core throw when it is marked
+                    // for deletion, leaving the profile image impossible to clear or replace.
+                    var dbUser = await UserQuery(dbContext)
+                        .AsTracking()
+                        .FirstOrDefaultAsync(u => u.Id == user.Id)
+                        .ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    if (dbUser?.ProfileImage is not null)
+                    {
+                        dbContext.Remove(dbUser.ProfileImage);
+                        dbUser.ProfileImage = null;
+                        await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    }
                 }
 
                 user.ProfileImage = null;
diff --git a/Jellyfin.Server/Extensions/ApiApplicationBuilderExtensions.cs b/Jellyfin.Server/Extensions/ApiApplicationBuilderExtensions.cs
index 2aadedfa61..6db0edb237 100644
--- a/Jellyfin.Server/Extensions/ApiApplicationBuilderExtensions.cs
+++ b/Jellyfin.Server/Extensions/ApiApplicationBuilderExtensions.cs
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Extensions
                     c.SwaggerEndpoint($"/{baseUrl}api-docs/openapi.json", "Jellyfin API");
                     c.InjectStylesheet($"/{baseUrl}api-docs/swagger/custom.css");
                     c.RoutePrefix = "api-docs/swagger";
+                    c.UseRequestInterceptor("""(req) => { req.headers['Authorization'] = `MediaBrowser Token=\"${req.headers['Authorization']}\"`; return req; }""");
                 })
                 .UseReDoc(c =>
                 {
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Dto/DtoOptions.cs b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Dto/DtoOptions.cs
index d319feb6b2..052626355f 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Dto/DtoOptions.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Dto/DtoOptions.cs
@@ -82,13 +82,6 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Dto
         public bool AddCurrentProgram { get; set; }
 
         /// <summary>
-        /// Gets or sets a value indicating whether an episode's portrait poster (its season's primary
-        /// image, falling back to the series') should replace the episode's own (16:9) primary image.
-        /// Used by views that render episodes as poster cards, e.g. "Latest".
-        /// </summary>
-        public bool PreferEpisodeParentPoster { get; set; }
-
-        /// <summary>
         /// Gets a value indicating whether the specified field is populated.
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="field">The field to check.</param>
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IHasSpecialFeatures.cs b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IHasSpecialFeatures.cs
index f47d2162f7..0cdc8bce03 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IHasSpecialFeatures.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IHasSpecialFeatures.cs
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 #nullable disable
 
-#pragma warning disable CS1591
-
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interface for items that have special features.
+    /// </summary>
     public interface IHasSpecialFeatures
     {
         /// <summary>
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IHasStartDate.cs b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IHasStartDate.cs
index dab15eb018..47df09d1ce 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IHasStartDate.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IHasStartDate.cs
@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
-#pragma warning disable CS1591
-
 using System;
 
 namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interface for items that have a start date.
+    /// </summary>
     public interface IHasStartDate
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets or sets the start date.
+        /// </summary>
         DateTime StartDate { get; set; }
     }
 }
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IItemByName.cs b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IItemByName.cs
index 4928bda7a2..756dbecb98 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IItemByName.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/IItemByName.cs
@@ -1,19 +1,28 @@
-#pragma warning disable CS1591
-
 using System.Collections.Generic;
 
 namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities
 {
     /// <summary>
-    /// Marker interface.
+    /// Marker interface for items that represent a name, like a genre or a studio.
     /// </summary>
     public interface IItemByName
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets the items tagged with this name.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <param name="query">The query.</param>
+        /// <returns>The tagged items.</returns>
         IReadOnlyList<BaseItem> GetTaggedItems(InternalItemsQuery query);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interface for by-name items that can also be accessed as a regular library item.
+    /// </summary>
     public interface IHasDualAccess : IItemByName
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Gets a value indicating whether the item is accessed by name.
+        /// </summary>
         bool IsAccessedByName { get; }
     }
 }
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/ISupportsPlaceHolders.cs b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/ISupportsPlaceHolders.cs
index cdda8ea399..0f8904df5c 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/ISupportsPlaceHolders.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/ISupportsPlaceHolders.cs
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-#pragma warning disable CS1591
-
 namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Interface for items that can be placeholders.
+    /// </summary>
     public interface ISupportsPlaceHolders
     {
         /// <summary>
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/SourceType.cs b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/SourceType.cs
index be19e1bdae..97aa22dc04 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/SourceType.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.Controller/Entities/SourceType.cs
@@ -1,11 +1,23 @@
-#pragma warning disable CS1591
-
 namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities
 {
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The source of an item.
+    /// </summary>
     public enum SourceType
     {
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The item comes from a library.
+        /// </summary>
         Library = 0,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The item comes from a channel.
+        /// </summary>
         Channel = 1,
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// The item comes from live TV.
+        /// </summary>
         LiveTV = 2
     }
 }
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.Controller/MediaEncoding/EncodingHelper.cs b/MediaBrowser.Controller/MediaEncoding/EncodingHelper.cs
index 847f4cf187..1b0bbe9ea0 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.Controller/MediaEncoding/EncodingHelper.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.Controller/MediaEncoding/EncodingHelper.cs
@@ -4054,7 +4054,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding
                     mainFilters.Add(swDeintFilter);
                 }
 
-                var outFormat = doCuTonemap ? "yuv420p10le" : "yuv420p";
+                var outFormat = doCuTonemap ? "p010le" : "yuv420p";
                 var swScaleFilter = GetSwScaleFilter(state, options, vidEncoder, swpInW, swpInH, threeDFormat, reqW, reqH, reqMaxW, reqMaxH);
                 // sw scale
                 mainFilters.Add(swScaleFilter);
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Encoder/EncoderValidator.cs b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Encoder/EncoderValidator.cs
index 68d6d215b2..1f84b46a2b 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Encoder/EncoderValidator.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Encoder/EncoderValidator.cs
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.Linq;
 using System.Runtime.Versioning;
+using System.Text;
 using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
@@ -184,8 +185,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Encoder
             { "libavdevice", new Version(58, 13) },
             { "libavfilter", new Version(7, 110) },
             { "libswscale", new Version(5, 9) },
-            { "libswresample", new Version(3, 9) },
-            { "libpostproc", new Version(55, 9) }
+            { "libswresample", new Version(3, 9) }
         };
 
         private readonly ILogger _logger;
@@ -645,7 +645,9 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Encoder
                     WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden,
                     ErrorDialog = false,
                     RedirectStandardInput = redirectStandardIn,
+                    StandardOutputEncoding = Encoding.UTF8,
                     RedirectStandardOutput = true,
+                    StandardErrorEncoding = Encoding.UTF8,
                     RedirectStandardError = true
                 }
             })
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Encoder/MediaEncoder.cs b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Encoder/MediaEncoder.cs
index 66bf6ebd24..0ddd378352 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Encoder/MediaEncoder.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Encoder/MediaEncoder.cs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
 using System.Text.Json;
 using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
 using System.Threading;
@@ -528,6 +529,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Encoder
                     UseShellExecute = false,
 
                     // Must consume both or ffmpeg may hang due to deadlocks.
+                    StandardOutputEncoding = Encoding.UTF8,
                     RedirectStandardOutput = true,
 
                     FileName = _ffprobePath,
@@ -926,6 +928,25 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Encoder
                 throw new InvalidOperationException("EncodingHelper returned empty or invalid filter parameters.");
             }
 
+            // Normalize invalid PTS from containers for non keyframe only mode
+            if (!enableKeyFrameOnlyExtraction)
+            {
+                var fpsFilterIndex = filterParam.IndexOf("fps=", StringComparison.Ordinal);
+                if (fpsFilterIndex >= 0)
+                {
+                    var inputFrameRate = (imageStream.ReferenceFrameRate.HasValue && imageStream.ReferenceFrameRate > 0)
+                        ? imageStream.ReferenceFrameRate.Value : 30;
+
+                    var setPtsFilter = string.Create(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, $"setpts=N/{inputFrameRate:F3}/TB,");
+
+                    filterParam = filterParam.Insert(fpsFilterIndex, setPtsFilter);
+                }
+                else
+                {
+                    throw new InvalidOperationException("EncodingHelper returned invalid filter parameters.");
+                }
+            }
+
             try
             {
                 return await ExtractVideoImagesOnIntervalInternal(
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/ISubtitleParser.cs b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/ISubtitleParser.cs
index bd13437fb6..7566616f70 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/ISubtitleParser.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/ISubtitleParser.cs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma warning disable CS1591
 
 using System.IO;
-using MediaBrowser.Model.MediaInfo;
+using Nikse.SubtitleEdit.Core.Common;
 
 namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
 {
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
         /// </summary>
         /// <param name="stream">The stream.</param>
         /// <param name="fileExtension">The file extension.</param>
-        /// <returns>SubtitleTrackInfo.</returns>
-        SubtitleTrackInfo Parse(Stream stream, string fileExtension);
+        /// <returns>The parsed subtitle.</returns>
+        Subtitle Parse(Stream stream, string fileExtension);
 
         /// <summary>
         /// Determines whether the file extension is supported by the parser.
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/SubtitleEditParser.cs b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/SubtitleEditParser.cs
index d060b247da..d75eea5904 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/SubtitleEditParser.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/SubtitleEditParser.cs
@@ -1,10 +1,8 @@
 using System;
 using System.Collections.Generic;
-using System.Globalization;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
 using Jellyfin.Extensions;
-using MediaBrowser.Model.MediaInfo;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
 using Nikse.SubtitleEdit.Core.Common;
 using SubtitleFormat = Nikse.SubtitleEdit.Core.SubtitleFormats.SubtitleFormat;
@@ -30,7 +28,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc />
-        public SubtitleTrackInfo Parse(Stream stream, string fileExtension)
+        public Subtitle Parse(Stream stream, string fileExtension)
         {
             var subtitle = new Subtitle();
             var lines = stream.ReadAllLines().ToList();
@@ -76,21 +74,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
                 throw new ArgumentException("Unsupported format: " + fileExtension);
             }
 
-            var trackInfo = new SubtitleTrackInfo();
-            int len = subtitle.Paragraphs.Count;
-            var trackEvents = new SubtitleTrackEvent[len];
-            for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
-            {
-                var p = subtitle.Paragraphs[i];
-                trackEvents[i] = new SubtitleTrackEvent(p.Number.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture), p.Text)
-                {
-                    StartPositionTicks = p.StartTime.TimeSpan.Ticks,
-                    EndPositionTicks = p.EndTime.TimeSpan.Ticks
-                };
-            }
-
-            trackInfo.TrackEvents = trackEvents;
-            return trackInfo;
+            return subtitle;
         }
 
         /// <inheritdoc />
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/SubtitleEncoder.cs b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/SubtitleEncoder.cs
index 5301f52e01..c568a74b01 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/SubtitleEncoder.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Subtitles/SubtitleEncoder.cs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
             _serverConfigurationManager = serverConfigurationManager;
         }
 
-        private MemoryStream ConvertSubtitles(
+        internal MemoryStream ConvertSubtitles(
             Stream stream,
             SubtitleInfo inputInfo,
             string outputFormat,
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
             long endTimeTicks,
             bool preserveOriginalTimestamps)
         {
-            var subtitle = Subtitle.Parse(stream, Path.GetExtension(inputInfo.Path));
+            var subtitle = _subtitleParser.Parse(stream, inputInfo.Format);
 
             FilterEvents(subtitle, startTimeTicks, endTimeTicks, preserveOriginalTimestamps);
 
@@ -445,98 +445,15 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
                 encodingParam = " -sub_charenc " + encodingParam;
             }
 
-            int exitCode;
-
-            using (var process = new Process
-            {
-                StartInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                {
-                    CreateNoWindow = true,
-                    UseShellExecute = false,
-                    FileName = _mediaEncoder.EncoderPath,
-                    Arguments = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "-y {0} -i \"{1}\" -c:s srt \"{2}\"", encodingParam, inputPath, outputPath),
-                    WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden,
-                    ErrorDialog = false
-                },
-                EnableRaisingEvents = true
-            })
-            {
-                _logger.LogInformation("{0} {1}", process.StartInfo.FileName, process.StartInfo.Arguments);
-
-                try
-                {
-                    process.Start();
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    _logger.LogError(ex, "Error starting ffmpeg");
-
-                    throw;
-                }
-
-                try
-                {
-                    var timeoutMinutes = _serverConfigurationManager.GetEncodingOptions().SubtitleExtractionTimeoutMinutes;
-                    await process.WaitForExitAsync(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(timeoutMinutes)).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                    exitCode = process.ExitCode;
-                }
-                catch (OperationCanceledException)
-                {
-                    process.Kill(true);
-                    exitCode = -1;
-                }
-            }
-
-            var failed = false;
+            var args = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "-y {0} -i \"{1}\" -c:s srt \"{2}\"", encodingParam, inputPath, outputPath);
 
-            if (exitCode == -1)
-            {
-                failed = true;
-
-                if (File.Exists(outputPath))
-                {
-                    try
-                    {
-                        _logger.LogInformation("Deleting converted subtitle due to failure: {Path}", outputPath);
-                        _fileSystem.DeleteFile(outputPath);
-                    }
-                    catch (IOException ex)
-                    {
-                        _logger.LogError(ex, "Error deleting converted subtitle {Path}", outputPath);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            else if (!File.Exists(outputPath) || _fileSystem.GetFileInfo(outputPath).Length == 0)
-            {
-                failed = true;
-
-                try
-                {
-                    _logger.LogWarning("Deleting converted subtitle due to failure: {Path}", outputPath);
-                    _fileSystem.DeleteFile(outputPath);
-                }
-                catch (FileNotFoundException)
-                {
-                }
-                catch (IOException ex)
-                {
-                    _logger.LogError(ex, "Error deleting converted subtitle {Path}", outputPath);
-                }
-            }
-
-            if (failed)
-            {
-                _logger.LogError("ffmpeg subtitle conversion failed for {Path}", inputPath);
-
-                throw new FfmpegException(
-                    string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "ffmpeg subtitle conversion failed for {0}", inputPath));
-            }
-
-            await SetAssFont(outputPath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+            await ExtractSubtitlesForFile(
+                inputPath,
+                args,
+                [outputPath],
+                cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
             WriteCacheMeta(outputPath, inputPath);
-
-            _logger.LogInformation("ffmpeg subtitle conversion succeeded for {Path}", inputPath);
         }
 
         private string GetExtractableSubtitleFormat(MediaStream subtitleStream)
@@ -727,7 +644,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
             var outputPaths = new List<string>();
             var args = string.Format(
                 CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
-                "-i {0}",
+                "-y -i {0}",
                 inputPath);
 
             foreach (var subtitleStream in subtitleStreams)
@@ -781,50 +698,10 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
         private async Task ExtractSubtitlesForFile(
             string inputPath,
             string args,
-            List<string> outputPaths,
+            IReadOnlyList<string> outputPaths,
             CancellationToken cancellationToken)
         {
-            int exitCode;
-
-            using (var process = new Process
-            {
-                StartInfo = new ProcessStartInfo
-                {
-                    CreateNoWindow = true,
-                    UseShellExecute = false,
-                    FileName = _mediaEncoder.EncoderPath,
-                    Arguments = args,
-                    WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden,
-                    ErrorDialog = false
-                },
-                EnableRaisingEvents = true
-            })
-            {
-                _logger.LogInformation("{File} {Arguments}", process.StartInfo.FileName, process.StartInfo.Arguments);
-
-                try
-                {
-                    process.Start();
-                }
-                catch (Exception ex)
-                {
-                    _logger.LogError(ex, "Error starting ffmpeg");
-
-                    throw;
-                }
-
-                try
-                {
-                    var timeoutMinutes = _serverConfigurationManager.GetEncodingOptions().SubtitleExtractionTimeoutMinutes;
-                    await process.WaitForExitAsync(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(timeoutMinutes)).ConfigureAwait(false);
-                    exitCode = process.ExitCode;
-                }
-                catch (OperationCanceledException)
-                {
-                    process.Kill(true);
-                    exitCode = -1;
-                }
-            }
+            var (exitCode, ffmpegError) = await RunSubtitleExtractionProcess(args, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
             var failed = false;
 
@@ -884,6 +761,13 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
 
             if (failed)
             {
+                cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+
+                if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(ffmpegError))
+                {
+                    _logger.LogError("ffmpeg subtitle extraction failed for {InputPath}: {FfmpegOutput}", inputPath, ffmpegError);
+                }
+
                 throw new FfmpegException(
                     string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "ffmpeg subtitle extraction failed for {0}", inputPath));
             }
@@ -941,16 +825,38 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
             ArgumentException.ThrowIfNullOrEmpty(outputPath);
 
             Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.GetDirectoryName(outputPath) ?? throw new ArgumentException($"Provided path ({outputPath}) is not valid.", nameof(outputPath)));
-
             var processArgs = string.Format(
                 CultureInfo.InvariantCulture,
-                "-i {0} -copyts -map 0:{1} -an -vn -c:s {2} \"{3}\"",
+                "-y -i {0} -copyts -map 0:{1} -an -vn -c:s {2} \"{3}\"",
                 inputPath,
                 subtitleStreamIndex,
                 outputCodec,
                 outputPath);
 
+            await ExtractSubtitlesForFile(
+                inputPath,
+                processArgs,
+                [outputPath],
+                cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
+        /// Runs ffmpeg to extract or convert subtitles, capturing its exit code and stderr output.
+        /// </summary>
+        /// <remarks>
+        /// stdin is redirected and closed, and <c>-nostdin</c> is prepended to the arguments, so ffmpeg can never
+        /// block reading an inherited stdin handle (which happens when Jellyfin runs as a service, e.g. under NSSM,
+        /// and stalls subtitle extraction until the timeout). stderr is redirected and drained so a full pipe buffer
+        /// cannot deadlock ffmpeg and so its output can be surfaced on failure; stdout is left un-redirected as it is
+        /// unused for subtitle extraction.
+        /// </remarks>
+        /// <param name="arguments">The ffmpeg command line arguments.</param>
+        /// <param name="cancellationToken">The cancellation token.</param>
+        /// <returns>The ffmpeg exit code (-1 on timeout) and its captured stderr output.</returns>
+        private async Task<(int ExitCode, string StandardError)> RunSubtitleExtractionProcess(string arguments, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+        {
             int exitCode;
+            var standardError = string.Empty;
 
             using (var process = new Process
             {
@@ -958,8 +864,10 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
                 {
                     CreateNoWindow = true,
                     UseShellExecute = false,
+                    RedirectStandardInput = true,
+                    RedirectStandardError = true,
                     FileName = _mediaEncoder.EncoderPath,
-                    Arguments = processArgs,
+                    Arguments = "-nostdin " + arguments,
                     WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden,
                     ErrorDialog = false
                 },
@@ -975,14 +883,21 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
                 catch (Exception ex)
                 {
                     _logger.LogError(ex, "Error starting ffmpeg");
-
                     throw;
                 }
 
+                // Close stdin so ffmpeg observes EOF instead of blocking on an inherited handle.
+                process.StandardInput.Close();
+
+                // Begin draining stderr before waiting for exit; a full stderr pipe buffer would otherwise deadlock ffmpeg.
+                var standardErrorTask = process.StandardError.ReadToEndAsync(CancellationToken.None);
+                var timeoutMinutes = _serverConfigurationManager.GetEncodingOptions().SubtitleExtractionTimeoutMinutes;
+                using var waitSource = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(cancellationToken);
+                waitSource.CancelAfter(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(timeoutMinutes));
+
                 try
                 {
-                    var timeoutMinutes = _serverConfigurationManager.GetEncodingOptions().SubtitleExtractionTimeoutMinutes;
-                    await process.WaitForExitAsync(TimeSpan.FromMinutes(timeoutMinutes)).ConfigureAwait(false);
+                    await process.WaitForExitAsync(waitSource.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
                     exitCode = process.ExitCode;
                 }
                 catch (OperationCanceledException)
@@ -990,59 +905,18 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles
                     process.Kill(true);
                     exitCode = -1;
                 }
-            }
-
-            var failed = false;
-
-            if (exitCode == -1)
-            {
-                failed = true;
 
                 try
                 {
-                    _logger.LogWarning("Deleting extracted subtitle due to failure: {Path}", outputPath);
-                    _fileSystem.DeleteFile(outputPath);
-                }
-                catch (FileNotFoundException)
-                {
-                }
-                catch (IOException ex)
-                {
-                    _logger.LogError(ex, "Error deleting extracted subtitle {Path}", outputPath);
+                    standardError = await standardErrorTask.ConfigureAwait(false);
                 }
-            }
-            else if (!File.Exists(outputPath) || _fileSystem.GetFileInfo(outputPath).Length == 0)
-            {
-                failed = true;
-
-                try
-                {
-                    _logger.LogWarning("Deleting extracted subtitle due to failure: {Path}", outputPath);
-                    _fileSystem.DeleteFile(outputPath);
-                }
-                catch (FileNotFoundException)
-                {
-                }
-                catch (IOException ex)
+                catch (OperationCanceledException)
                 {
-                    _logger.LogError(ex, "Error deleting extracted subtitle {Path}", outputPath);
+                    // Reading ffmpeg output was cancelled; nothing more to capture.
                 }
             }
 
-            if (failed)
-            {
-                _logger.LogError("ffmpeg subtitle extraction failed for {InputPath} to {OutputPath}", inputPath, outputPath);
-
-                throw new FfmpegException(
-                    string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "ffmpeg subtitle extraction failed for {0} to {1}", inputPath, outputPath));
-            }
-
-            _logger.LogInformation("ffmpeg subtitle extraction completed for {InputPath} to {OutputPath}", inputPath, outputPath);
-
-            if (string.Equals(outputCodec, "ass", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
-            {
-                await SetAssFont(outputPath, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
-            }
+            return (exitCode, standardError);
         }
 
         /// <summary>
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Transcoding/TranscodeManager.cs b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Transcoding/TranscodeManager.cs
index defd855ec0..78bb881ec2 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Transcoding/TranscodeManager.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding/Transcoding/TranscodeManager.cs
@@ -424,6 +424,7 @@ public sealed class TranscodeManager : ITranscodeManager, IDisposable
 
                 // Must consume both stdout and stderr or deadlocks may occur
                 // RedirectStandardOutput = true,
+                StandardErrorEncoding = Encoding.UTF8,
                 RedirectStandardError = true,
                 RedirectStandardInput = true,
                 FileName = _mediaEncoder.EncoderPath,
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.Model/Dto/MediaSourceInfo.cs b/MediaBrowser.Model/Dto/MediaSourceInfo.cs
index 017e26ef59..75ccdcf276 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.Model/Dto/MediaSourceInfo.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.Model/Dto/MediaSourceInfo.cs
@@ -55,11 +55,6 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Model.Dto
 
         public long? RunTimeTicks { get; set; }
 
-        /// <summary>
-        /// Gets or sets the playback position for this specific source.
-        /// </summary>
-        public long? PlaybackPositionTicks { get; set; }
-
         public bool ReadAtNativeFramerate { get; set; }
 
         public bool IgnoreDts { get; set; }
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.Providers/Books/OpenPackagingFormat/OpfReader.cs b/MediaBrowser.Providers/Books/OpenPackagingFormat/OpfReader.cs
index b4e3fd3089..6266413dfc 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.Providers/Books/OpenPackagingFormat/OpfReader.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.Providers/Books/OpenPackagingFormat/OpfReader.cs
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ using System;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.IO;
 using System.Linq;
+using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Xml;
 using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
@@ -17,7 +18,7 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Books.OpenPackagingFormat
     /// Methods used to pull metadata and other information from Open Packaging Format in XML objects.
     /// </summary>
     /// <typeparam name="TCategoryName">The type of category.</typeparam>
-    public class OpfReader<TCategoryName>
+    public partial class OpfReader<TCategoryName>
     {
         private const string DcNamespace = @"http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/";
         private const string OpfNamespace = @"http://www.idpf.org/2007/opf";
@@ -42,6 +43,9 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Books.OpenPackagingFormat
             _namespaceManager.AddNamespace("opf", OpfNamespace);
         }
 
+        [GeneratedRegex(@"(?<=\p{L})\.(?!\s|$)")]
+        private static partial Regex InitialsRegex();
+
         /// <summary>
         /// Checks for the existence of a cover image.
         /// </summary>
@@ -229,11 +233,23 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Books.OpenPackagingFormat
             {
                 foreach (XmlElement creator in resultElement)
                 {
-                    var creatorName = creator.InnerText;
                     var role = creator.GetAttribute("opf:role");
-                    var person = new PersonInfo { Name = creatorName, Type = GetRole(role) };
-
-                    book.AddPerson(person);
+                    var normalizedCreators = creator.InnerText
+                        .Split(';', StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries)
+                        .Select(fullName =>
+                        {
+                            if (fullName.Split(',', 2, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries | StringSplitOptions.TrimEntries) is [var lastName, var firstName])
+                            {
+                                fullName = $"{firstName} {lastName}";
+                            }
+
+                            return InitialsRegex().Replace(fullName, ". ");
+                        });
+
+                    foreach (var fullName in normalizedCreators)
+                    {
+                        book.AddPerson(new PersonInfo { Name = fullName, Type = GetRole(role) });
+                    }
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.Providers/Manager/MetadataService.cs b/MediaBrowser.Providers/Manager/MetadataService.cs
index 118ccf8679..60eda1628c 100644
--- a/MediaBrowser.Providers/Manager/MetadataService.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.Providers/Manager/MetadataService.cs
@@ -680,11 +680,18 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Manager
             return providers;
         }
 
-        protected virtual IEnumerable<IImageProvider> GetNonLocalImageProviders(BaseItem item, IEnumerable<IImageProvider> allImageProviders, ImageRefreshOptions options)
+        protected virtual IEnumerable<IImageProvider> GetNonLocalImageProviders(BaseItem item, IEnumerable<IImageProvider> allImageProviders, MetadataRefreshOptions options)
         {
             // Get providers to refresh
             var providers = allImageProviders.Where(i => i is not ILocalImageProvider);
 
+            // When identifying, run the provider the user picked first so the correct image is used.
+            if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(options.SearchResult?.SearchProviderName))
+            {
+                providers = providers
+                    .OrderBy(i => string.Equals(i.Name, options.SearchResult.SearchProviderName, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ? 0 : 1);
+            }
+
             var dateLastImageRefresh = item.DateLastRefreshed;
 
             // Run all if either of these flags are true
diff --git a/MediaBrowser.Providers/Plugins/Tmdb/TV/TmdbSeriesProvider.cs b/MediaBrowser.Providers/Plugins/Tmdb/TV/TmdbSeriesProvider.cs
index b2f9d13e73..9bb15ca479 100755
--- a/MediaBrowser.Providers/Plugins/Tmdb/TV/TmdbSeriesProvider.cs
+++ b/MediaBrowser.Providers/Plugins/Tmdb/TV/TmdbSeriesProvider.cs
@@ -256,11 +256,20 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb.TV
 
             series.Overview = seriesResult.Overview;
 
+            var studios = Enumerable.Empty<string>();
+
             if (seriesResult.Networks is not null)
             {
-                series.Studios = seriesResult.Networks.Select(i => i.Name).ToArray();
+                studios = studios.Concat(seriesResult.Networks.Select(i => i.Name).OfType<string>());
+            }
+
+            if (seriesResult.ProductionCompanies is not null)
+            {
+                studios = studios.Concat(seriesResult.ProductionCompanies.Select(i => i.Name).OfType<string>());
             }
 
+            series.SetStudios(studios);
+
             if (seriesResult.Genres is not null)
             {
                 series.Genres = seriesResult.Genres.Select(i => i.Name).ToArray();
@@ -320,13 +329,26 @@ namespace MediaBrowser.Providers.Plugins.Tmdb.TV
 
             if (seriesResult.Videos?.Results is not null)
             {
-                foreach (var video in seriesResult.Videos.Results)
+                var trailers = new List<MediaUrl>();
+
+                var sortedVideos = seriesResult.Videos.Results
+                    .OrderByDescending(video => string.Equals(video.Type, "trailer", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
+
+                foreach (var video in sortedVideos)
                 {
-                    if (TmdbUtils.IsTrailerType(video))
+                    if (!TmdbUtils.IsTrailerType(video))
                     {
-                        series.AddTrailerUrl("https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=" + video.Key);
+                        continue;
                     }
+
+                    trailers.Add(new MediaUrl
+                    {
+                        Url = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v={0}", video.Key),
+                        Name = video.Name
+                    });
                 }
+
+                series.RemoteTrailers = trailers;
             }
 
             if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(seriesResult.OriginalLanguage))
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 5e066f3d31..f3a5a2a4ef 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -7,34 +7,16 @@
 <img alt="Logo Banner" src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jellyfin/jellyfin-ux/master/branding/SVG/banner-logo-solid.svg?sanitize=true"/>
 <br/>
 <br/>
-<a href="https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin">
-<img alt="GPL 2.0 License" src="https://img.shields.io/github/license/jellyfin/jellyfin.svg"/>
-</a>
-<a href="https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin/releases">
-<img alt="Current Release" src="https://img.shields.io/github/release/jellyfin/jellyfin.svg"/>
-</a>
-<a href="https://translate.jellyfin.org/projects/jellyfin/jellyfin-core/?utm_source=widget">
-<img alt="Translation Status" src="https://translate.jellyfin.org/widgets/jellyfin/-/jellyfin-core/svg-badge.svg"/>
-</a>
-<a href="https://hub.docker.com/r/jellyfin/jellyfin">
-<img alt="Docker Pull Count" src="https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/jellyfin/jellyfin.svg"/>
-</a>
+<a href="https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin"><img alt="GPL 2.0 License" src="https://img.shields.io/github/license/jellyfin/jellyfin.svg"/></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin/releases"><img alt="Current Release" src="https://img.shields.io/github/release/jellyfin/jellyfin.svg"/></a>
+<a href="https://translate.jellyfin.org/projects/jellyfin/jellyfin-core/?utm_source=widget"><img alt="Translation Status" src="https://translate.jellyfin.org/widgets/jellyfin/-/jellyfin-core/svg-badge.svg"/></a>
+<a href="https://hub.docker.com/r/jellyfin/jellyfin"><img alt="Docker Pull Count" src="https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/jellyfin/jellyfin.svg"/></a>
 <br/>
-<a href="https://opencollective.com/jellyfin">
-<img alt="Donate" src="https://img.shields.io/opencollective/all/jellyfin.svg?label=backers"/>
-</a>
-<a href="https://features.jellyfin.org">
-<img alt="Submit Feature Requests" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/fider-vote%20on%20features-success.svg"/>
-</a>
-<a href="https://matrix.to/#/#jellyfinorg:matrix.org">
-<img alt="Chat on Matrix" src="https://img.shields.io/matrix/jellyfinorg:matrix.org.svg?logo=matrix"/>
-</a>
-<a href="https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin/releases.atom">
-<img alt="Release RSS Feed" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/rss-releases-ffa500?logo=rss" />
-</a>
-<a href="https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin/commits/master.atom">
-<img alt="Master Commits RSS Feed" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/rss-commits-ffa500?logo=rss" />
-</a>
+<a href="https://opencollective.com/jellyfin"><img alt="Donate" src="https://img.shields.io/opencollective/all/jellyfin.svg?label=backers"/></a>
+<a href="https://features.jellyfin.org"><img alt="Submit Feature Requests" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/fider-vote%20on%20features-success.svg"/></a>
+<a href="https://matrix.to/#/#jellyfinorg:matrix.org"><img alt="Chat on Matrix" src="https://img.shields.io/matrix/jellyfinorg:matrix.org.svg?logo=matrix"/></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin/releases.atom"><img alt="Release RSS Feed" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/rss-releases-ffa500?logo=rss" /></a>
+<a href="https://github.com/jellyfin/jellyfin/commits/master.atom"><img alt="Master Commits RSS Feed" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/rss-commits-ffa500?logo=rss" /></a>
 </p>
 
 ---
diff --git a/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Guide/GuideManager.cs b/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Guide/GuideManager.cs
index b8545cbb64..4e1b62cdf9 100644
--- a/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Guide/GuideManager.cs
+++ b/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Guide/GuideManager.cs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using Jellyfin.Data.Enums;
 using Jellyfin.Extensions;
 using Jellyfin.LiveTv;
 using Jellyfin.LiveTv.Configuration;
+using Jellyfin.LiveTv.Listings;
 using MediaBrowser.Common.Configuration;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Dto;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
@@ -486,8 +487,13 @@ public class GuideManager : IGuideManager
                 DateCreated = DateTime.UtcNow,
                 DateModified = DateTime.UtcNow
             };
-
-            item.TrySetProviderId(EtagKey, info.Etag);
+        }
+        else if (XmlTvProgramEtag.MatchesStored(info.Etag, item.GetProviderId(EtagKey)))
+        {
+            // XMLTV ETags are generated from the final ProgramInfo fields Jellyfin consumes,
+            // so an exact match means nothing relevant changed. Other providers stay on the
+            // field-by-field update path.
+            return (item, false, false);
         }
 
         if (!string.Equals(info.ShowId, item.ShowId, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
@@ -613,13 +619,9 @@ public class GuideManager : IGuideManager
 
         forceUpdate |= UpdateImages(item, info);
 
-        if (isNew)
-        {
-            item.OnMetadataChanged();
-
-            return (item, true, false);
-        }
-
+        // Restore the etag wiped by `item.ProviderIds = info.ProviderIds` above and
+        // persist it on new items so they join the fast path on the next refresh
+        // instead of taking an extra full processing cycle.
         var isUpdated = forceUpdate;
         var etag = info.Etag;
         if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(etag))
@@ -632,6 +634,13 @@ public class GuideManager : IGuideManager
             isUpdated = true;
         }
 
+        if (isNew)
+        {
+            item.OnMetadataChanged();
+
+            return (item, true, false);
+        }
+
         if (isUpdated)
         {
             item.OnMetadataChanged();
diff --git a/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/IO/EncodedRecorder.cs b/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/IO/EncodedRecorder.cs
index d877a0d124..19c4514766 100644
--- a/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/IO/EncodedRecorder.cs
+++ b/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/IO/EncodedRecorder.cs
@@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.IO
                 CreateNoWindow = true,
                 UseShellExecute = false,
 
+                StandardErrorEncoding = Encoding.UTF8,
                 RedirectStandardError = true,
                 RedirectStandardInput = true,
 
diff --git a/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Listings/SchedulesDirect.cs b/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Listings/SchedulesDirect.cs
index d456bea469..c93d1f039c 100644
--- a/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Listings/SchedulesDirect.cs
+++ b/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Listings/SchedulesDirect.cs
@@ -491,6 +491,12 @@ namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.Listings
             var results = new List<ShowImagesDto>();
             for (int i = 0; i < programIds.Count; i += BatchSize)
             {
+                // The daily image limit may be surfaced mid-batch.
+                if (IsImageDailyLimitActive())
+                {
+                    break;
+                }
+
                 var batch = programIds.Skip(i).Take(BatchSize);
 
                 using var message = new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Post, ApiUrl + "/metadata/programs/");
@@ -511,6 +517,18 @@ namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.Listings
                                     entry.ProgramId,
                                     entry.Code,
                                     entry.Message);
+
+                                // The image download limit can be reported per-entry inside an
+                                // otherwise successful (HTTP 200) response when the limit is hit
+                                // mid-batch. Back off so we stop requesting images until SD resets.
+                                if (entry.Code is (int)SdErrorCode.MaxImageDownloads or (int)SdErrorCode.MaxImageDownloadsTrial)
+                                {
+                                    _logger.LogError(
+                                        "Schedules Direct image download limit hit (code {Code}). Disabling image acquisition until SD reset.",
+                                        entry.Code);
+                                    SetImageLimitHit();
+                                }
+
                                 continue;
                             }
 
diff --git a/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Listings/XmlTvListingsProvider.cs b/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Listings/XmlTvListingsProvider.cs
index 7088d1f0bf..0aeb7ad05d 100644
--- a/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Listings/XmlTvListingsProvider.cs
+++ b/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Listings/XmlTvListingsProvider.cs
@@ -173,7 +173,29 @@ namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.Listings
             var reader = new XmlTvReader(path, GetLanguage(info));
 
             return reader.GetProgrammes(channelId, startDateUtc, endDateUtc, cancellationToken)
-                        .Select(p => GetProgramInfo(p, info));
+                        .Select(p => GetProgramInfoWithEtag(p, info));
+        }
+
+        private ProgramInfo GetProgramInfoWithEtag(XmlTvProgram program, ListingsProviderInfo info)
+        {
+            var programInfo = GetProgramInfo(program, info);
+
+            if (XmlTvProgramEtag.TryCreate(programInfo, out var etag, out var reason))
+            {
+                programInfo.Etag = etag;
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                _logger.LogDebug(
+                    "Unable to create XMLTV program ETag for program {ProgramId} on channel {ChannelId} from {StartDate} to {EndDate}: {Reason}. The program will be treated as updated on each guide refresh.",
+                    programInfo.Id,
+                    programInfo.ChannelId,
+                    programInfo.StartDate,
+                    programInfo.EndDate,
+                    reason);
+            }
+
+            return programInfo;
         }
 
         private static ProgramInfo GetProgramInfo(XmlTvProgram program, ListingsProviderInfo info)
diff --git a/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Listings/XmlTvProgramEtag.cs b/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Listings/XmlTvProgramEtag.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b5ddb1530f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Jellyfin.LiveTv/Listings/XmlTvProgramEtag.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+#pragma warning disable CS1591
+
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Security.Cryptography;
+using System.Text;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.LiveTv;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.Listings
+{
+    internal static class XmlTvProgramEtag
+    {
+        internal const string Prefix = "xmltv-sha256-v1:";
+
+        internal static bool IsXmlTvEtag(string? etag)
+            => !string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(etag)
+                && etag.StartsWith(Prefix, StringComparison.Ordinal);
+
+        // Returns true only when the incoming etag is XMLTV-style AND equals the stored value.
+        // The IsXmlTvEtag gate keeps other providers (e.g. Schedules Direct) on the
+        // field-by-field update path even if their etag strings happen to match.
+        internal static bool MatchesStored(string? incomingEtag, string? storedEtag)
+            => IsXmlTvEtag(incomingEtag)
+                && string.Equals(incomingEtag, storedEtag, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
+
+        internal static bool TryCreate(ProgramInfo programInfo, out string? etag, out string? reason)
+        {
+            etag = null;
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(programInfo.Id))
+            {
+                reason = "program id is empty";
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(programInfo.ChannelId))
+            {
+                reason = "channel id is empty";
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (programInfo.StartDate == default)
+            {
+                reason = "start date is empty";
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (programInfo.EndDate == default)
+            {
+                reason = "end date is empty";
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            if (programInfo.EndDate <= programInfo.StartDate)
+            {
+                reason = "end date is not after start date";
+                return false;
+            }
+
+            var builder = new StringBuilder(1024);
+
+            // Keep this list aligned with the ProgramInfo fields consumed by GuideManager.
+            AppendValue(builder, "schema", "xmltv-programinfo-v1");
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.Id), programInfo.Id);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.ChannelId), programInfo.ChannelId);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.Name), programInfo.Name);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.OfficialRating), programInfo.OfficialRating);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.Overview), programInfo.Overview);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.StartDate), programInfo.StartDate);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.EndDate), programInfo.EndDate);
+            AppendList(builder, nameof(programInfo.Genres), programInfo.Genres);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.OriginalAirDate), programInfo.OriginalAirDate);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.IsHD), programInfo.IsHD);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.Audio), programInfo.Audio?.ToString());
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.CommunityRating), programInfo.CommunityRating);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.IsRepeat), programInfo.IsRepeat);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.EpisodeTitle), programInfo.EpisodeTitle);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.ImagePath), programInfo.ImagePath);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.ImageUrl), programInfo.ImageUrl);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.ThumbImageUrl), programInfo.ThumbImageUrl);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.LogoImageUrl), programInfo.LogoImageUrl);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.BackdropImageUrl), programInfo.BackdropImageUrl);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.IsMovie), programInfo.IsMovie);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.IsSports), programInfo.IsSports);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.IsSeries), programInfo.IsSeries);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.IsLive), programInfo.IsLive);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.IsNews), programInfo.IsNews);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.IsKids), programInfo.IsKids);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.IsPremiere), programInfo.IsPremiere);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.ProductionYear), programInfo.ProductionYear);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.SeriesId), programInfo.SeriesId);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.ShowId), programInfo.ShowId);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.SeasonNumber), programInfo.SeasonNumber);
+            AppendValue(builder, nameof(programInfo.EpisodeNumber), programInfo.EpisodeNumber);
+            AppendDictionary(builder, nameof(programInfo.ProviderIds), programInfo.ProviderIds);
+            AppendDictionary(builder, nameof(programInfo.SeriesProviderIds), programInfo.SeriesProviderIds);
+
+            var hash = SHA256.HashData(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(builder.ToString()));
+            etag = Prefix + Convert.ToHexString(hash);
+            reason = null;
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        private static void AppendValue(StringBuilder builder, string name, string? value)
+        {
+            builder.Append(name).Append('|');
+            if (value is null)
+            {
+                builder.Append('N').Append("|0|");
+            }
+            else
+            {
+                builder.Append('S')
+                    .Append('|')
+                    .Append(value.Length.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture))
+                    .Append('|')
+                    .Append(value);
+            }
+
+            builder.Append('\n');
+        }
+
+        private static void AppendValue(StringBuilder builder, string name, DateTime value)
+            => AppendValue(builder, name, FormatDateTime(value));
+
+        private static void AppendValue(StringBuilder builder, string name, DateTime? value)
+            => AppendValue(builder, name, value.HasValue ? FormatDateTime(value.Value) : null);
+
+        private static void AppendValue(StringBuilder builder, string name, bool value)
+            => AppendValue(builder, name, value ? "true" : "false");
+
+        private static void AppendValue(StringBuilder builder, string name, bool? value)
+            => AppendValue(builder, name, value switch { true => "true", false => "false", null => null });
+
+        private static void AppendValue(StringBuilder builder, string name, int? value)
+            => AppendValue(builder, name, value?.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
+
+        private static void AppendValue(StringBuilder builder, string name, float? value)
+            => AppendValue(builder, name, value?.ToString("R", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
+
+        // Treat Unspecified as UTC so the etag does not vary with the server's local timezone.
+        private static string FormatDateTime(DateTime value)
+        {
+            var utc = value.Kind switch
+            {
+                DateTimeKind.Utc => value,
+                DateTimeKind.Unspecified => DateTime.SpecifyKind(value, DateTimeKind.Utc),
+                _ => value.ToUniversalTime(),
+            };
+
+            return utc.ToString("O", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+        }
+
+        private static void AppendList(StringBuilder builder, string name, IReadOnlyList<string> values)
+        {
+            AppendValue(builder, name + ".Count", values.Count.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
+            for (var i = 0; i < values.Count; i++)
+            {
+                AppendValue(builder, $"{name}[{i}]", values[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static void AppendDictionary(StringBuilder builder, string name, IReadOnlyDictionary<string, string?> values)
+        {
+            AppendValue(builder, name + ".Count", values.Count.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
+            if (values.Count == 0)
+            {
+                return;
+            }
+
+            var index = 0;
+            foreach (var (key, value) in values
+                .OrderBy(i => i.Key, StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase)
+                .ThenBy(i => i.Key, StringComparer.Ordinal))
+            {
+                AppendValue(builder, $"{name}[{index}].Key", key);
+                AppendValue(builder, $"{name}[{index}].Value", value);
+                index++;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Keyframes/FfProbe/FfProbeKeyframeExtractor.cs b/src/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Keyframes/FfProbe/FfProbeKeyframeExtractor.cs
index cbe97a8210..af868e4bd6 100644
--- a/src/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Keyframes/FfProbe/FfProbeKeyframeExtractor.cs
+++ b/src/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Keyframes/FfProbe/FfProbeKeyframeExtractor.cs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using System.Collections.Generic;
 using System.Diagnostics;
 using System.Globalization;
 using System.IO;
+using System.Text;
 
 namespace Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Keyframes.FfProbe;
 
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ public static class FfProbeKeyframeExtractor
 
                 CreateNoWindow = true,
                 UseShellExecute = false,
+                StandardOutputEncoding = Encoding.UTF8,
                 RedirectStandardOutput = true,
 
                 WindowStyle = ProcessWindowStyle.Hidden,
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.Api.Tests/Controllers/HlsSegmentControllerTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.Api.Tests/Controllers/HlsSegmentControllerTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a248664928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.Api.Tests/Controllers/HlsSegmentControllerTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using Jellyfin.Api.Controllers;
+using MediaBrowser.Common.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.MediaEncoding;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.IO;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Api.Tests.Controllers;
+
+// The legacy HLS endpoints build a file path from caller-supplied route values, and the audio
+// and video segment endpoints are not authenticated. These tests pin down that requests escaping
+// the transcode directory are rejected while legitimate ones still serve a file.
+public sealed class HlsSegmentControllerTests
+{
+    private readonly Mock<IFileSystem> _fileSystem = new();
+    private readonly Mock<IServerConfigurationManager> _config = new();
+    private readonly Mock<ITranscodeManager> _transcodeManager = new();
+    private readonly string _transcodePath;
+
+    public HlsSegmentControllerTests()
+    {
+        _transcodePath = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "jellyfin-hls-segment-tests");
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(_transcodePath);
+
+        _config.Setup(c => c.GetConfiguration("encoding"))
+            .Returns(new EncodingOptions { TranscodingTempPath = _transcodePath });
+        _config.SetupGet(c => c.CommonApplicationPaths).Returns(Mock.Of<IApplicationPaths>());
+    }
+
+    private HlsSegmentController CreateController(string requestPath)
+    {
+        var httpContext = new DefaultHttpContext();
+        httpContext.Request.Path = requestPath;
+
+        return new HlsSegmentController(_fileSystem.Object, _config.Object, _transcodeManager.Object)
+        {
+            ControllerContext = new ControllerContext { HttpContext = httpContext }
+        };
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetHlsAudioSegmentLegacy_SegmentInsideTranscodePath_ReturnsFile()
+    {
+        var controller = CreateController("/Audio/abc/hls/segment/stream.mp3");
+
+        var result = controller.GetHlsAudioSegmentLegacy("abc", "segment");
+
+        Assert.IsType<PhysicalFileResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("../../../../etc/passwd")]
+    [InlineData("subdir/../../../../etc/passwd")]
+    public void GetHlsAudioSegmentLegacy_TraversalOutsideTranscodePath_ReturnsBadRequest(string segmentId)
+    {
+        var controller = CreateController("/Audio/abc/hls/segment/stream.mp3");
+
+        var result = controller.GetHlsAudioSegmentLegacy("abc", segmentId);
+
+        Assert.IsType<BadRequestObjectResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetHlsAudioSegmentLegacy_AbsoluteRootedPath_ReturnsBadRequest()
+    {
+        var controller = CreateController("/Audio/abc/hls/segment/stream.mp3");
+
+        // A rooted segment id makes Path.GetFullPath discard the transcode base.
+        var rooted = OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? "C:\\Windows\\win.ini" : "/etc/passwd";
+        var result = controller.GetHlsAudioSegmentLegacy("abc", rooted);
+
+        Assert.IsType<BadRequestObjectResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetHlsAudioSegmentLegacy_SiblingPrefixDirectory_ReturnsBadRequest()
+    {
+        var controller = CreateController("/Audio/abc/hls/segment/stream.mp3");
+
+        // Resolves to "<transcodePath>-evil/passwd", which shares the transcode path as a string prefix.
+        var result = controller.GetHlsAudioSegmentLegacy("abc", "../jellyfin-hls-segment-tests-evil/passwd");
+
+        Assert.IsType<BadRequestObjectResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetHlsPlaylistLegacy_M3u8InsideTranscodePath_ReturnsFile()
+    {
+        var controller = CreateController("/Videos/abc/hls/list/stream.m3u8");
+
+        var result = controller.GetHlsPlaylistLegacy("abc", "list");
+
+        Assert.IsType<PhysicalFileResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetHlsPlaylistLegacy_NonPlaylistExtension_ReturnsBadRequest()
+    {
+        // Playlist endpoint serves only .m3u8, even for a path inside the transcode dir.
+        var controller = CreateController("/Videos/abc/hls/list/stream.mp4");
+
+        var result = controller.GetHlsPlaylistLegacy("abc", "list");
+
+        Assert.IsType<BadRequestObjectResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("../../../../etc/passwd")]
+    public void GetHlsPlaylistLegacy_TraversalOutsideTranscodePath_ReturnsBadRequest(string playlistId)
+    {
+        var controller = CreateController("/Videos/abc/hls/list/stream.m3u8");
+
+        var result = controller.GetHlsPlaylistLegacy("abc", playlistId);
+
+        Assert.IsType<BadRequestObjectResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetHlsVideoSegmentLegacy_SegmentInsideTranscodePath_ReturnsFile()
+    {
+        _fileSystem.Setup(f => f.GetFilePaths(_transcodePath, false))
+            .Returns(new[] { Path.Combine(_transcodePath, "playlist123.ts") });
+
+        var controller = CreateController("/Videos/abc/hls/playlist123/seg1.ts");
+
+        var result = controller.GetHlsVideoSegmentLegacy("abc", "playlist123", "seg1", "ts");
+
+        Assert.IsType<PhysicalFileResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetHlsVideoSegmentLegacy_NoMatchingPlaylist_ReturnsNotFound()
+    {
+        _fileSystem.Setup(f => f.GetFilePaths(_transcodePath, false))
+            .Returns(Array.Empty<string>());
+
+        var controller = CreateController("/Videos/abc/hls/playlist123/seg1.ts");
+
+        var result = controller.GetHlsVideoSegmentLegacy("abc", "playlist123", "seg1", "ts");
+
+        Assert.IsType<NotFoundObjectResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("../../../../etc/passwd")]
+    public void GetHlsVideoSegmentLegacy_TraversalOutsideTranscodePath_ReturnsBadRequest(string segmentId)
+    {
+        var controller = CreateController("/Videos/abc/hls/playlist123/seg1.ts");
+
+        var result = controller.GetHlsVideoSegmentLegacy("abc", "playlist123", segmentId, "ts");
+
+        Assert.IsType<BadRequestObjectResult>(result);
+        _fileSystem.Verify(f => f.GetFilePaths(It.IsAny<string>(), It.IsAny<bool>()), Times.Never);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.Api.Tests/Controllers/PluginsControllerTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.Api.Tests/Controllers/PluginsControllerTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f040a328bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.Api.Tests/Controllers/PluginsControllerTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using Jellyfin.Api.Controllers;
+using MediaBrowser.Common.Plugins;
+using MediaBrowser.Common.Updates;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
+using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Api.Tests.Controllers;
+
+// Covers the path-traversal validation in GetPluginImage: a plugin's manifest ImagePath
+// must resolve to a file inside the plugin's own directory.
+public sealed class PluginsControllerTests
+{
+    private readonly Mock<IPluginManager> _pluginManager = new();
+    private readonly string _pluginPath;
+
+    public PluginsControllerTests()
+    {
+        _pluginPath = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "jellyfin-plugin-image-tests");
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(_pluginPath);
+    }
+
+    private PluginsController CreateController() =>
+        new PluginsController(Mock.Of<IInstallationManager>(), _pluginManager.Object)
+        {
+            ControllerContext = new ControllerContext { HttpContext = new DefaultHttpContext() }
+        };
+
+    private void SetupPlugin(Guid id, Version version, string? imagePath)
+    {
+        var manifest = new PluginManifest { Id = id, Name = "Test", Version = version.ToString(), ImagePath = imagePath };
+        _pluginManager.Setup(p => p.GetPlugin(id, version))
+            .Returns(new LocalPlugin(_pluginPath, true, manifest));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetPluginImage_UnknownPlugin_ReturnsNotFound()
+    {
+        var result = CreateController().GetPluginImage(Guid.NewGuid(), new Version(1, 0));
+
+        Assert.IsType<NotFoundResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetPluginImage_ImageInsidePluginPath_ReturnsFile()
+    {
+        var id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        var version = new Version(1, 0);
+        File.WriteAllBytes(Path.Combine(_pluginPath, "logo.png"), Array.Empty<byte>());
+        SetupPlugin(id, version, "logo.png");
+
+        var result = CreateController().GetPluginImage(id, version);
+
+        Assert.IsType<PhysicalFileResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetPluginImage_ImageInsidePluginPathButMissing_ReturnsNotFound()
+    {
+        var id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        var version = new Version(1, 0);
+        SetupPlugin(id, version, "does-not-exist.png");
+
+        var result = CreateController().GetPluginImage(id, version);
+
+        Assert.IsType<NotFoundResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("../../../../etc/passwd")]
+    [InlineData("subdir/../../../../etc/passwd")]
+    public void GetPluginImage_TraversalOutsidePluginPath_ReturnsNotFound(string imagePath)
+    {
+        var id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        var version = new Version(1, 0);
+        SetupPlugin(id, version, imagePath);
+
+        var result = CreateController().GetPluginImage(id, version);
+
+        Assert.IsType<NotFoundResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetPluginImage_SiblingPrefixDirectory_ReturnsNotFound()
+    {
+        var id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        var version = new Version(1, 0);
+        // Resolves to "<pluginPath>-evil/logo.png", which shares the plugin path as a string prefix.
+        // The file is created so the check fails on the boundary, not on File.Exists.
+        var siblingDir = _pluginPath + "-evil";
+        Directory.CreateDirectory(siblingDir);
+        File.WriteAllBytes(Path.Combine(siblingDir, "logo.png"), Array.Empty<byte>());
+        SetupPlugin(id, version, "../jellyfin-plugin-image-tests-evil/logo.png");
+
+        var result = CreateController().GetPluginImage(id, version);
+
+        Assert.IsType<NotFoundResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetPluginImage_AbsoluteImagePath_ReturnsNotFound()
+    {
+        var id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        var version = new Version(1, 0);
+        SetupPlugin(id, version, OperatingSystem.IsWindows() ? "C:\\Windows\\win.ini" : "/etc/passwd");
+
+        var result = CreateController().GetPluginImage(id, version);
+
+        Assert.IsType<NotFoundResult>(result);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData(null)]
+    [InlineData("")]
+    [InlineData("   ")]
+    public void GetPluginImage_NoImagePathOrResource_ReturnsNotFound(string? imagePath)
+    {
+        var id = Guid.NewGuid();
+        var version = new Version(1, 0);
+        SetupPlugin(id, version, imagePath);
+
+        var result = CreateController().GetPluginImage(id, version);
+
+        Assert.IsType<NotFoundResult>(result);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Listings/XmlTvListingsProviderTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Listings/XmlTvListingsProviderTests.cs
index b71dc15201..f698edc637 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Listings/XmlTvListingsProviderTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Listings/XmlTvListingsProviderTests.cs
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using AutoFixture;
 using AutoFixture.AutoMoq;
 using Jellyfin.LiveTv.Listings;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.LiveTv;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.LiveTv;
 using Moq;
 using Moq.Protected;
@@ -66,6 +67,7 @@ public class XmlTvListingsProviderTests
         Assert.True(program.HasImage);
         Assert.Equal("https://domain.tld/image.png", program.ImageUrl);
         Assert.Equal("3297", program.ChannelId);
+        AssertXmlTvEtag(program.Etag);
     }
 
     [Theory]
@@ -85,5 +87,60 @@ public class XmlTvListingsProviderTests
         var program = programsList[0];
         Assert.DoesNotContain(program.Genres, g => string.IsNullOrEmpty(g));
         Assert.Equal("3297", program.ChannelId);
+        AssertXmlTvEtag(program.Etag);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task GetProgramsAsync_Etag_SameContentIsStable()
+    {
+        var first = await GetSingleProgramAsync("Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-base.xml");
+        var second = await GetSingleProgramAsync("Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-base.xml");
+
+        Assert.Equal(first.Etag, second.Etag);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-title-change.xml")]
+    [InlineData("Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-description-change.xml")]
+    [InlineData("Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-icon-change.xml")]
+    [InlineData("Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-category-change.xml")]
+    [InlineData("Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-progid-change.xml")]
+    public async Task GetProgramsAsync_Etag_ChangesWhenMappedContentChanges(string changedPath)
+    {
+        var original = await GetSingleProgramAsync("Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-base.xml");
+        var changed = await GetSingleProgramAsync(changedPath);
+
+        Assert.NotEqual(original.Etag, changed.Etag);
+    }
+
+    [Theory]
+    [InlineData("Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-reordered.xml")]
+    [InlineData("Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-unknown-field.xml")]
+    public async Task GetProgramsAsync_Etag_DoesNotChangeWhenMappedContentIsEquivalent(string equivalentPath)
+    {
+        var original = await GetSingleProgramAsync("Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-base.xml");
+        var equivalent = await GetSingleProgramAsync(equivalentPath);
+
+        Assert.Equal(original.Etag, equivalent.Etag);
+    }
+
+    private async Task<ProgramInfo> GetSingleProgramAsync(string path)
+    {
+        var info = new ListingsProviderInfo()
+        {
+            Id = Path.GetFileNameWithoutExtension(path),
+            Path = path
+        };
+
+        var startDate = new DateTime(2022, 11, 4, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc);
+        var programs = await _xmlTvListingsProvider.GetProgramsAsync(info, "3297", startDate, startDate.AddDays(1), CancellationToken.None);
+
+        return Assert.Single(programs.ToList());
+    }
+
+    private static void AssertXmlTvEtag(string? etag)
+    {
+        Assert.NotNull(etag);
+        Assert.StartsWith("xmltv-sha256-v1:", etag!, StringComparison.Ordinal);
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Listings/XmlTvProgramEtagTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Listings/XmlTvProgramEtagTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8d1c60e1a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Listings/XmlTvProgramEtagTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+using System;
+using Jellyfin.LiveTv.Listings;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.LiveTv;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests.Listings;
+
+public class XmlTvProgramEtagTests
+{
+    [Fact]
+    public void TryCreate_GenreOrderIsSignificant()
+    {
+        // GuideManager assigns item.Genres = info.Genres.ToArray() preserving order,
+        // so the same genres in a different order is a real mapped-content change.
+        var first = NewProgram();
+        first.Genres = new() { "Drama", "Action" };
+
+        var second = NewProgram();
+        second.Genres = new() { "Action", "Drama" };
+
+        Assert.True(XmlTvProgramEtag.TryCreate(first, out var firstEtag, out _));
+        Assert.True(XmlTvProgramEtag.TryCreate(second, out var secondEtag, out _));
+        Assert.NotEqual(firstEtag, secondEtag);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void MatchesStored_EqualXmlTvEtags_ReturnsTrue()
+    {
+        const string Etag = XmlTvProgramEtag.Prefix + "ABCDEF0123456789";
+        Assert.True(XmlTvProgramEtag.MatchesStored(Etag, Etag));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void MatchesStored_DifferentXmlTvEtags_ReturnsFalse()
+    {
+        Assert.False(XmlTvProgramEtag.MatchesStored(
+            XmlTvProgramEtag.Prefix + "AAAA",
+            XmlTvProgramEtag.Prefix + "BBBB"));
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void MatchesStored_EqualNonXmlTvEtags_ReturnsFalse()
+    {
+        // Other providers (e.g. Schedules Direct) use their own etag schemes.
+        // The IsXmlTvEtag gate must keep them on the field-by-field update path
+        // even when their incoming and stored values happen to match exactly.
+        const string Etag = "sd-abc123";
+        Assert.False(XmlTvProgramEtag.MatchesStored(Etag, Etag));
+    }
+
+    private static ProgramInfo NewProgram() => new()
+    {
+        Id = "program-id",
+        ChannelId = "channel-id",
+        Name = "Program Name",
+        StartDate = new DateTime(2026, 1, 1, 12, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc),
+        EndDate = new DateTime(2026, 1, 1, 13, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc),
+    };
+}
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/SchedulesDirect/SchedulesDirectDeserializeTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/SchedulesDirect/SchedulesDirectDeserializeTests.cs
index 59cd42c05b..1bc42d5fe5 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/SchedulesDirect/SchedulesDirectDeserializeTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/SchedulesDirect/SchedulesDirectDeserializeTests.cs
@@ -176,6 +176,30 @@ namespace Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests.SchedulesDirect
         }
 
         /// <summary>
+        /// /metadata/programs response where the daily image limit is hit mid-batch,
+        /// so individual entries carry an error code inside an otherwise successful response.
+        /// </summary>
+        [Fact]
+        public void Deserialize_Metadata_Programs_Image_Limit_Response_Success()
+        {
+            var bytes = File.ReadAllBytes("Test Data/SchedulesDirect/metadata_programs_image_limit_response.json");
+            var showImagesDtos = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<IReadOnlyList<ShowImagesDto>>(bytes, _jsonOptions);
+
+            Assert.NotNull(showImagesDtos);
+            Assert.Equal(2, showImagesDtos!.Count);
+
+            // First entry is a normal result with image data and no error code.
+            Assert.Equal("SH00712240", showImagesDtos[0].ProgramId);
+            Assert.Null(showImagesDtos[0].Code);
+            Assert.Single(showImagesDtos[0].Data);
+
+            // Second entry is a per-entry trial image download limit error (SD code 5003).
+            Assert.Equal("SH00712241", showImagesDtos[1].ProgramId);
+            Assert.Equal((int)SdErrorCode.MaxImageDownloadsTrial, showImagesDtos[1].Code);
+            Assert.Empty(showImagesDtos[1].Data);
+        }
+
+        /// <summary>
         /// /headends response.
         /// </summary>
         [Fact]
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-base.xml b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-base.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15f85f57e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-base.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<tv date="20221104">
+  <programme channel="3297" start="20221104130000 +0000" stop="20221104140000 +0000">
+    <title lang="en">Base Program</title>
+    <sub-title lang="en">Base Episode</sub-title>
+    <desc lang="en">Base description.</desc>
+    <category lang="en">series</category>
+    <episode-num system="xmltv_ns">0 . 1 . </episode-num>
+    <episode-num system="dd_progid">EP123456789012</episode-num>
+    <rating system="VCHIP">
+      <value>TV-G</value>
+    </rating>
+    <star-rating>
+      <value>3/5</value>
+    </star-rating>
+    <icon src="https://domain.tld/base.png"/>
+  </programme>
+</tv>
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-category-change.xml b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-category-change.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b49c3bccd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-category-change.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<tv date="20221104">
+  <programme channel="3297" start="20221104130000 +0000" stop="20221104140000 +0000">
+    <title lang="en">Base Program</title>
+    <sub-title lang="en">Base Episode</sub-title>
+    <desc lang="en">Base description.</desc>
+    <category lang="en">sports</category>
+    <episode-num system="xmltv_ns">0 . 1 . </episode-num>
+    <episode-num system="dd_progid">EP123456789012</episode-num>
+    <rating system="VCHIP">
+      <value>TV-G</value>
+    </rating>
+    <star-rating>
+      <value>3/5</value>
+    </star-rating>
+    <icon src="https://domain.tld/base.png"/>
+  </programme>
+</tv>
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-description-change.xml b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-description-change.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..090273ac98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-description-change.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<tv date="20221104">
+  <programme channel="3297" start="20221104130000 +0000" stop="20221104140000 +0000">
+    <title lang="en">Base Program</title>
+    <sub-title lang="en">Base Episode</sub-title>
+    <desc lang="en">Changed description.</desc>
+    <category lang="en">series</category>
+    <episode-num system="xmltv_ns">0 . 1 . </episode-num>
+    <episode-num system="dd_progid">EP123456789012</episode-num>
+    <rating system="VCHIP">
+      <value>TV-G</value>
+    </rating>
+    <star-rating>
+      <value>3/5</value>
+    </star-rating>
+    <icon src="https://domain.tld/base.png"/>
+  </programme>
+</tv>
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-icon-change.xml b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-icon-change.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..532b91da20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-icon-change.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<tv date="20221104">
+  <programme channel="3297" start="20221104130000 +0000" stop="20221104140000 +0000">
+    <title lang="en">Base Program</title>
+    <sub-title lang="en">Base Episode</sub-title>
+    <desc lang="en">Base description.</desc>
+    <category lang="en">series</category>
+    <episode-num system="xmltv_ns">0 . 1 . </episode-num>
+    <episode-num system="dd_progid">EP123456789012</episode-num>
+    <rating system="VCHIP">
+      <value>TV-G</value>
+    </rating>
+    <star-rating>
+      <value>3/5</value>
+    </star-rating>
+    <icon src="https://domain.tld/changed.png"/>
+  </programme>
+</tv>
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-progid-change.xml b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-progid-change.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db0d5e86de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-progid-change.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<tv date="20221104">
+  <programme channel="3297" start="20221104130000 +0000" stop="20221104140000 +0000">
+    <title lang="en">Base Program</title>
+    <sub-title lang="en">Base Episode</sub-title>
+    <desc lang="en">Base description.</desc>
+    <category lang="en">series</category>
+    <episode-num system="xmltv_ns">0 . 1 . </episode-num>
+    <episode-num system="dd_progid">EP123456789013</episode-num>
+    <rating system="VCHIP">
+      <value>TV-G</value>
+    </rating>
+    <star-rating>
+      <value>3/5</value>
+    </star-rating>
+    <icon src="https://domain.tld/base.png"/>
+  </programme>
+</tv>
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-reordered.xml b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-reordered.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..168c0a643b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-reordered.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<tv date="20221104">
+  <programme channel="3297" stop="20221104140000 +0000" start="20221104130000 +0000">
+    <icon src="https://domain.tld/base.png"/>
+    <star-rating>
+      <value>3/5</value>
+    </star-rating>
+    <rating system="VCHIP">
+      <value>TV-G</value>
+    </rating>
+    <episode-num system="xmltv_ns">0 . 1 . </episode-num>
+    <episode-num system="dd_progid">EP123456789012</episode-num>
+    <category lang="en">series</category>
+    <desc lang="en">Base description.</desc>
+    <sub-title lang="en">Base Episode</sub-title>
+    <title lang="en">Base Program</title>
+  </programme>
+</tv>
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-title-change.xml b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-title-change.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73288e7c57
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-title-change.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<tv date="20221104">
+  <programme channel="3297" start="20221104130000 +0000" stop="20221104140000 +0000">
+    <title lang="en">Changed Program</title>
+    <sub-title lang="en">Base Episode</sub-title>
+    <desc lang="en">Base description.</desc>
+    <category lang="en">series</category>
+    <episode-num system="xmltv_ns">0 . 1 . </episode-num>
+    <episode-num system="dd_progid">EP123456789012</episode-num>
+    <rating system="VCHIP">
+      <value>TV-G</value>
+    </rating>
+    <star-rating>
+      <value>3/5</value>
+    </star-rating>
+    <icon src="https://domain.tld/base.png"/>
+  </programme>
+</tv>
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-unknown-field.xml b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-unknown-field.xml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d0ff1b82f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/LiveTv/Listings/XmlTv/etag-unknown-field.xml
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<tv date="20221104">
+  <programme channel="3297" start="20221104130000 +0000" stop="20221104140000 +0000">
+    <title lang="en">Base Program</title>
+    <sub-title lang="en">Base Episode</sub-title>
+    <desc lang="en">Base description.</desc>
+    <category lang="en">series</category>
+    <episode-num system="xmltv_ns">0 . 1 . </episode-num>
+    <episode-num system="dd_progid">EP123456789012</episode-num>
+    <rating system="VCHIP">
+      <value>TV-G</value>
+    </rating>
+    <star-rating>
+      <value>3/5</value>
+    </star-rating>
+    <previously-unknown-field>Ignored by Jellyfin XMLTV mapping.</previously-unknown-field>
+    <icon src="https://domain.tld/base.png"/>
+  </programme>
+</tv>
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/SchedulesDirect/metadata_programs_image_limit_response.json b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/SchedulesDirect/metadata_programs_image_limit_response.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..34931aa769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.LiveTv.Tests/Test Data/SchedulesDirect/metadata_programs_image_limit_response.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+[{"programID":"SH00712240","data":[{"width":"135","height":"180","uri":"assets/p282288_b_v2_aa.jpg","size":"Sm","aspect":"3x4","category":"Banner-L3","text":"yes","primary":"true","tier":"Series"}]},{"programID":"SH00712241","code":5003,"message":"Image download limit exceeded. Try again tomorrow."}]
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/EncoderValidatorTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/EncoderValidatorTests.cs
index 988073074b..bfe6ade1fe 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/EncoderValidatorTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/EncoderValidatorTests.cs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests
         [InlineData(EncoderValidatorTestsData.FFmpegV44Output, true)]
         [InlineData(EncoderValidatorTestsData.FFmpegV432Output, false)]
         [InlineData(EncoderValidatorTestsData.FFmpegGitUnknownOutput2, true)]
+        [InlineData(EncoderValidatorTestsData.FFmpegGitWithoutLibpostprocOutput, true)]
         [InlineData(EncoderValidatorTestsData.FFmpegGitUnknownOutput, false)]
         public void ValidateVersionInternalTest(string versionOutput, bool valid)
         {
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests
                 Add(EncoderValidatorTestsData.FFmpegV44Output, new Version(4, 4));
                 Add(EncoderValidatorTestsData.FFmpegV432Output, new Version(4, 3, 2));
                 Add(EncoderValidatorTestsData.FFmpegGitUnknownOutput2, new Version(4, 4));
+                Add(EncoderValidatorTestsData.FFmpegGitWithoutLibpostprocOutput, new Version(4, 4));
                 Add(EncoderValidatorTestsData.FFmpegGitUnknownOutput, null);
             }
         }
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/EncoderValidatorTestsData.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/EncoderValidatorTestsData.cs
index 1f2d618aa4..604b862fbe 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/EncoderValidatorTestsData.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/EncoderValidatorTestsData.cs
@@ -86,6 +86,15 @@ libswscale      5.  9.100 /  5.  9.100
 libswresample   3.  9.100 /  3.  9.100
 libpostproc    55.  9.100 / 55.  9.100";
 
+        public const string FFmpegGitWithoutLibpostprocOutput = @"ffmpeg version N-122128-gdeadbeef Copyright (c) 2000-2026 the FFmpeg developers
+libavutil      60. 26.102 / 60. 26.102
+libavcodec     62. 28.102 / 62. 28.102
+libavformat    62. 12.102 / 62. 12.102
+libavdevice    62.  3.102 / 62.  3.102
+libavfilter    11. 14.102 / 11. 14.102
+libswscale      9.  5.102 /  9.  5.102
+libswresample   6.  3.102 /  6.  3.102";
+
         public const string FFmpegGitUnknownOutput = @"ffmpeg version N-45325-gb173e0353-static https://johnvansickle.com/ffmpeg/  Copyright (c) 2000-2018 the FFmpeg developers
 built with gcc 6.3.0 (Debian 6.3.0-18+deb9u1) 20170516
 configuration: --enable-gpl --enable-version3 --enable-static --disable-debug --disable-ffplay --disable-indev=sndio --disable-outdev=sndio --cc=gcc-6 --enable-fontconfig --enable-frei0r --enable-gnutls --enable-gray --enable-libfribidi --enable-libass --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopencore-amrnb --enable-libopencore-amrwb --enable-libopenjpeg --enable-librubberband --enable-libsoxr --enable-libspeex --enable-libvorbis --enable-libopus --enable-libtheora --enable-libvidstab --enable-libvo-amrwbenc --enable-libvpx --enable-libwebp --enable-libx264 --enable-libx265 --enable-libxvid --enable-libzimg
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/AssParserTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/AssParserTests.cs
index 1f908d7e0e..b03651e5e9 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/AssParserTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/AssParserTests.cs
@@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ namespace Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Subtitles.Tests
             using var stream = File.OpenRead("Test Data/example.ass");
 
             var parsed = new SubtitleEditParser(new NullLogger<SubtitleEditParser>()).Parse(stream, "ass");
-            Assert.Single(parsed.TrackEvents);
-            var trackEvent = parsed.TrackEvents[0];
+            Assert.Single(parsed.Paragraphs);
+            var paragraph = parsed.Paragraphs[0];
 
-            Assert.Equal("1", trackEvent.Id);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:00:01.18", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent.StartPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:00:06.85", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent.EndPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal("{\\pos(400,570)}Like an Angel with pity on nobody" + Environment.NewLine + "The second line in subtitle", trackEvent.Text);
+            Assert.Equal(1, paragraph.Number);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:00:01.18", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph.StartTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:00:06.85", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph.EndTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal("{\\pos(400,570)}Like an Angel with pity on nobody" + Environment.NewLine + "The second line in subtitle", paragraph.Text);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SrtParserTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SrtParserTests.cs
index b7152961cd..01a35e6cb0 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SrtParserTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SrtParserTests.cs
@@ -15,19 +15,19 @@ namespace Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Subtitles.Tests
             using var stream = File.OpenRead("Test Data/example.srt");
 
             var parsed = new SubtitleEditParser(new NullLogger<SubtitleEditParser>()).Parse(stream, "srt");
-            Assert.Equal(2, parsed.TrackEvents.Count);
-
-            var trackEvent1 = parsed.TrackEvents[0];
-            Assert.Equal("1", trackEvent1.Id);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:02:17.440", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent1.StartPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:02:20.375", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent1.EndPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal("Senator, we're making" + Environment.NewLine + "our final approach into Coruscant.", trackEvent1.Text);
-
-            var trackEvent2 = parsed.TrackEvents[1];
-            Assert.Equal("2", trackEvent2.Id);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:02:20.476", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent2.StartPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:02:22.501", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent2.EndPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal("Very good, Lieutenant.", trackEvent2.Text);
+            Assert.Equal(2, parsed.Paragraphs.Count);
+
+            var paragraph1 = parsed.Paragraphs[0];
+            Assert.Equal(1, paragraph1.Number);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:02:17.440", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph1.StartTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:02:20.375", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph1.EndTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal("Senator, we're making" + Environment.NewLine + "our final approach into Coruscant.", paragraph1.Text);
+
+            var paragraph2 = parsed.Paragraphs[1];
+            Assert.Equal(2, paragraph2.Number);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:02:20.476", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph2.StartTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:02:22.501", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph2.EndTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal("Very good, Lieutenant.", paragraph2.Text);
         }
 
         [Fact]
@@ -36,19 +36,19 @@ namespace Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Subtitles.Tests
             using var stream = File.OpenRead("Test Data/example2.srt");
 
             var parsed = new SubtitleEditParser(new NullLogger<SubtitleEditParser>()).Parse(stream, "srt");
-            Assert.Equal(2, parsed.TrackEvents.Count);
-
-            var trackEvent1 = parsed.TrackEvents[0];
-            Assert.Equal("311", trackEvent1.Id);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:16:46.465", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent1.StartPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:16:49.009", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent1.EndPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal("Una vez que la gente se entere" + Environment.NewLine + Environment.NewLine + "de que ustedes están aquí,", trackEvent1.Text);
-
-            var trackEvent2 = parsed.TrackEvents[1];
-            Assert.Equal("312", trackEvent2.Id);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:16:49.092", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent2.StartPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:16:51.470", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent2.EndPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal("este lugar se convertirá" + Environment.NewLine + Environment.NewLine + "en un maldito zoológico.", trackEvent2.Text);
+            Assert.Equal(2, parsed.Paragraphs.Count);
+
+            var paragraph1 = parsed.Paragraphs[0];
+            Assert.Equal(311, paragraph1.Number);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:16:46.465", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph1.StartTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:16:49.009", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph1.EndTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal("Una vez que la gente se entere" + Environment.NewLine + Environment.NewLine + "de que ustedes están aquí,", paragraph1.Text);
+
+            var paragraph2 = parsed.Paragraphs[1];
+            Assert.Equal(312, paragraph2.Number);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:16:49.092", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph2.StartTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:16:51.470", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph2.EndTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal("este lugar se convertirá" + Environment.NewLine + Environment.NewLine + "en un maldito zoológico.", paragraph2.Text);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SsaParserTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SsaParserTests.cs
index 5b7aa7eaa9..d814088593 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SsaParserTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SsaParserTests.cs
@@ -20,19 +20,19 @@ namespace Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Subtitles.Tests
         {
             using Stream stream = new MemoryStream(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(ssa));
 
-            SubtitleTrackInfo subtitleTrackInfo = _parser.Parse(stream, "ssa");
+            var subtitle = _parser.Parse(stream, "ssa");
 
-            Assert.Equal(expectedSubtitleTrackEvents.Count, subtitleTrackInfo.TrackEvents.Count);
+            Assert.Equal(expectedSubtitleTrackEvents.Count, subtitle.Paragraphs.Count);
 
             for (int i = 0; i < expectedSubtitleTrackEvents.Count; ++i)
             {
                 SubtitleTrackEvent expected = expectedSubtitleTrackEvents[i];
-                SubtitleTrackEvent actual = subtitleTrackInfo.TrackEvents[i];
+                var actual = subtitle.Paragraphs[i];
 
-                Assert.Equal(expected.Id, actual.Id);
+                Assert.Equal(expected.Id, actual.Number.ToString(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture));
                 Assert.Equal(expected.Text, actual.Text);
-                Assert.Equal(expected.StartPositionTicks, actual.StartPositionTicks);
-                Assert.Equal(expected.EndPositionTicks, actual.EndPositionTicks);
+                Assert.Equal(expected.StartPositionTicks, actual.StartTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+                Assert.Equal(expected.EndPositionTicks, actual.EndTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
             }
         }
 
@@ -75,13 +75,13 @@ namespace Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Subtitles.Tests
             using var stream = File.OpenRead("Test Data/example.ssa");
 
             var parsed = _parser.Parse(stream, "ssa");
-            Assert.Single(parsed.TrackEvents);
-            var trackEvent = parsed.TrackEvents[0];
+            Assert.Single(parsed.Paragraphs);
+            var paragraph = parsed.Paragraphs[0];
 
-            Assert.Equal("1", trackEvent.Id);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:00:01.18", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent.StartPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:00:06.85", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, trackEvent.EndPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal("{\\pos(400,570)}Like an angel with pity on nobody", trackEvent.Text);
+            Assert.Equal(1, paragraph.Number);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:00:01.18", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph.StartTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.Parse("00:00:06.85", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture).Ticks, paragraph.EndTime.TimeSpan.Ticks);
+            Assert.Equal("{\\pos(400,570)}Like an angel with pity on nobody", paragraph.Text);
         }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SubtitleEncoderTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SubtitleEncoderTests.cs
index ce1f005f40..2d0fa29c9a 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SubtitleEncoderTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Tests/Subtitles/SubtitleEncoderTests.cs
@@ -1,3 +1,8 @@
+using System;
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Linq;
+using System.Text;
 using System.Threading;
 using System.Threading.Tasks;
 using AutoFixture;
@@ -6,12 +11,16 @@ using MediaBrowser.MediaEncoding.Subtitles;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Dto;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.MediaInfo;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
 using Xunit;
 
 namespace Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Subtitles.Tests
 {
     public class SubtitleEncoderTests
     {
+        private const int StreamCount = 8;
+        private const int CueCount = 500;
+
         public static TheoryData<MediaSourceInfo, MediaStream, SubtitleEncoder.SubtitleInfo> GetReadableFile_Valid_TestData()
         {
             var data = new TheoryData<MediaSourceInfo, MediaStream, SubtitleEncoder.SubtitleInfo>();
@@ -103,5 +112,90 @@ namespace Jellyfin.MediaEncoding.Subtitles.Tests
             Assert.Equal(subtitleInfo.Format, result.Format);
             Assert.Equal(subtitleInfo.IsExternal, result.IsExternal);
         }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public void ConvertSubtitles_SequentialCalls_AreDeterministic()
+        {
+            using var encoder = CreateEncoder();
+            var sources = GenerateSources();
+
+            var first = ConvertAllSequential(encoder, sources);
+            var second = ConvertAllSequential(encoder, sources);
+
+            for (var i = 0; i < StreamCount; i++)
+            {
+                Assert.Contains($"S{i}C{CueCount - 1}", first[i], StringComparison.Ordinal);
+                Assert.Equal(first[i], second[i]);
+            }
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ConvertSubtitles_ConcurrentCalls_MatchSequentialBaseline()
+        {
+            const int Iterations = 10;
+
+            using var encoder = CreateEncoder();
+            var sources = GenerateSources();
+            var baseline = ConvertAllSequential(encoder, sources);
+
+            for (var iteration = 0; iteration < Iterations; iteration++)
+            {
+                var results = await Task.WhenAll(Enumerable.Range(0, StreamCount)
+                    .Select(i => Task.Run(() => Convert(encoder, sources[i], i)))
+                    .ToArray());
+
+                for (var i = 0; i < StreamCount; i++)
+                {
+                    Assert.True(
+                        string.Equals(baseline[i], results[i], StringComparison.Ordinal),
+                        $"Iteration {iteration}: stream {i} returned corrupted content ({results[i].Length} chars vs {baseline[i].Length} baseline)");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        private static SubtitleEncoder CreateEncoder()
+        {
+            var fixture = new Fixture().Customize(new AutoMoqCustomization { ConfigureMembers = true });
+            fixture.Inject<ISubtitleParser>(new SubtitleEditParser(NullLogger<SubtitleEditParser>.Instance));
+            return fixture.Create<SubtitleEncoder>();
+        }
+
+        private static byte[][] GenerateSources()
+        {
+            return Enumerable.Range(0, StreamCount)
+                .Select(i => Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(GenerateSrt(i, CueCount)))
+                .ToArray();
+        }
+
+        private static string Convert(SubtitleEncoder encoder, byte[] source, int streamIndex)
+        {
+            using var input = new MemoryStream(source);
+            var info = new SubtitleEncoder.SubtitleInfo { Path = $"track{streamIndex}.srt", Format = "srt" };
+            using var output = encoder.ConvertSubtitles(input, info, "vtt", 0, 0, false);
+            return Encoding.UTF8.GetString(output.ToArray());
+        }
+
+        private static string[] ConvertAllSequential(SubtitleEncoder encoder, byte[][] sources)
+        {
+            return sources.Select((source, i) => Convert(encoder, source, i)).ToArray();
+        }
+
+        private static string GenerateSrt(int streamIndex, int cueCount)
+        {
+            var builder = new StringBuilder();
+            for (var i = 0; i < cueCount; i++)
+            {
+                var start = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(i * 4);
+                var end = start + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2);
+                builder.Append(i + 1).AppendLine()
+                    .Append(start.ToString(@"hh\:mm\:ss\,fff", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture))
+                    .Append(" --> ")
+                    .AppendLine(end.ToString(@"hh\:mm\:ss\,fff", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture))
+                    .Append('S').Append(streamIndex).Append('C').Append(i).AppendLine()
+                    .AppendLine();
+            }
+
+            return builder.ToString();
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Dto/DtoServiceTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Dto/DtoServiceTests.cs
index a5de0a4416..9c247d54b9 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Dto/DtoServiceTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Dto/DtoServiceTests.cs
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ using MediaBrowser.Controller.LiveTv;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Providers;
 using MediaBrowser.Controller.Trickplay;
 using MediaBrowser.Model.Entities;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Querying;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
 using Moq;
 using Xunit;
@@ -56,57 +57,63 @@ public class DtoServiceTests
     }
 
     [Fact]
-    public void GetBaseItemDto_PreferEpisodeParentPoster_PrefersSeasonPosterOverEpisodeAndSeries()
+    public void GetBaseItemDto_Episode_AttachesSeasonPosterAsParentPrimaryImage()
     {
-        var (episode, season, series) = BuildEpisode(seasonHasPoster: true);
-        var options = new DtoOptions(false) { PreferEpisodeParentPoster = true };
+        var (episode, season, _) = BuildEpisode(seasonHasPoster: true);
+        var options = new DtoOptions(false) { Fields = [ItemFields.PrimaryImageAspectRatio] };
 
         var dto = _dtoService.GetBaseItemDto(episode, options);
 
-        // The episode's own 16:9 primary is dropped in favor of the season's portrait poster.
-        Assert.False(dto.ImageTags is not null && dto.ImageTags.ContainsKey(ImageType.Primary));
-        Assert.Null(dto.SeriesPrimaryImageTag);
+        // The season poster is attached additively; the episode keeps its own primary and 16:9 ratio,
+        // and clients decide per view whether to prefer the parent/series poster over the episode still.
+        Assert.NotNull(dto.ImageTags);
+        Assert.True(dto.ImageTags.ContainsKey(ImageType.Primary));
+        Assert.NotNull(dto.SeriesPrimaryImageTag);
         Assert.Equal(season.Id, dto.ParentPrimaryImageItemId);
         Assert.Equal("tag:" + season.GetImageInfo(ImageType.Primary, 0)!.Path, dto.ParentPrimaryImageTag);
-        // Aspect ratio follows the (portrait) poster, not the episode's 16:9 image.
-        Assert.Equal(season.GetDefaultPrimaryImageAspectRatio(), dto.PrimaryImageAspectRatio);
+        // Aspect ratio stays the episode's own image, not the poster's.
+        Assert.Equal(episode.GetDefaultPrimaryImageAspectRatio(), dto.PrimaryImageAspectRatio);
     }
 
     [Fact]
-    public void GetBaseItemDto_PreferEpisodeParentPoster_FallsBackToSeriesWhenSeasonHasNoPoster()
+    public void GetBaseItemDto_Episode_ParentPrimaryImageFallsBackToSeriesWhenSeasonHasNoPoster()
     {
         var (episode, _, series) = BuildEpisode(seasonHasPoster: false);
-        var options = new DtoOptions(false) { PreferEpisodeParentPoster = true };
+        var options = new DtoOptions(false);
 
         var dto = _dtoService.GetBaseItemDto(episode, options);
 
-        Assert.False(dto.ImageTags is not null && dto.ImageTags.ContainsKey(ImageType.Primary));
-        Assert.Null(dto.SeriesPrimaryImageTag);
+        // Episode image is retained; ParentPrimaryImage falls back to the series poster.
+        Assert.NotNull(dto.ImageTags);
+        Assert.True(dto.ImageTags.ContainsKey(ImageType.Primary));
+        Assert.NotNull(dto.SeriesPrimaryImageTag);
         Assert.Equal(series.Id, dto.ParentPrimaryImageItemId);
         Assert.Equal("tag:" + series.GetImageInfo(ImageType.Primary, 0)!.Path, dto.ParentPrimaryImageTag);
     }
 
     [Fact]
-    public void GetBaseItemDto_WithoutPreferEpisodeParentPoster_KeepsEpisodePrimary()
+    public void GetBaseItemDto_Episode_WithoutParentPosters_KeepsOnlyEpisodePrimary()
     {
-        var (episode, _, _) = BuildEpisode(seasonHasPoster: true);
+        var (episode, _, _) = BuildEpisode(seasonHasPoster: false, seriesHasPoster: false);
         var options = new DtoOptions(false);
 
         var dto = _dtoService.GetBaseItemDto(episode, options);
 
-        // Default behavior: the episode keeps its own primary and exposes the series poster as a tag.
+        // With no season or series poster there is nothing to attach; the episode keeps its own primary.
         Assert.NotNull(dto.ImageTags);
         Assert.True(dto.ImageTags.ContainsKey(ImageType.Primary));
-        Assert.NotNull(dto.SeriesPrimaryImageTag);
         Assert.Null(dto.ParentPrimaryImageItemId);
     }
 
-    private (Episode Episode, Season Season, Series Series) BuildEpisode(bool seasonHasPoster)
+    private (Episode Episode, Season Season, Series Series) BuildEpisode(bool seasonHasPoster, bool seriesHasPoster = true)
     {
         // Non-local (http) paths keep aspect-ratio resolution off the image processor and on the
         // item's default ratio, which is portrait (2/3) for Season/Series and 16:9 for Episode.
         var series = new Series { Id = Guid.NewGuid(), Name = "Series" };
-        series.SetImage(new ItemImageInfo { Type = ImageType.Primary, Path = "http://test/series.jpg" }, 0);
+        if (seriesHasPoster)
+        {
+            series.SetImage(new ItemImageInfo { Type = ImageType.Primary, Path = "http://test/series.jpg" }, 0);
+        }
 
         var season = new Season { Id = Guid.NewGuid(), Name = "Season", SeriesId = series.Id };
         if (seasonHasPoster)
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Item/AlternateVersionQueryTranslationTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Item/AlternateVersionQueryTranslationTests.cs
index c8aa14af58..b7fca74310 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Item/AlternateVersionQueryTranslationTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Item/AlternateVersionQueryTranslationTests.cs
@@ -60,7 +60,9 @@ public sealed class AlternateVersionQueryTranslationTests : IDisposable
                 .Where(e => seededIds.Contains(e.Id))
                 .Where(e => inProgressIds.Contains(e.Id))
                 .Where(e => !ctx.BaseItems
-                    .Where(s => s.Id != e.Id && (s.PrimaryVersionId ?? s.Id) == (e.PrimaryVersionId ?? e.Id))
+                    .Where(s => s.Id != e.Id
+                        && inProgressIds.Contains(s.Id)
+                        && (s.PrimaryVersionId ?? s.Id) == (e.PrimaryVersionId ?? e.Id))
                     .Any(s =>
                         inProgress.Where(su => su.ItemId == s.Id).Max(su => su.LastPlayedDate)
                             > inProgress.Where(eu => eu.ItemId == e.Id).Max(eu => eu.LastPlayedDate)
@@ -110,7 +112,9 @@ public sealed class AlternateVersionQueryTranslationTests : IDisposable
                 .Where(e => seededIds.Contains(e.Id))
                 .Where(e => inProgressIds.Contains(e.Id))
                 .Where(e => !ctx.BaseItems
-                    .Where(s => s.Id != e.Id && (s.PrimaryVersionId ?? s.Id) == (e.PrimaryVersionId ?? e.Id))
+                    .Where(s => s.Id != e.Id
+                        && inProgressIds.Contains(s.Id)
+                        && (s.PrimaryVersionId ?? s.Id) == (e.PrimaryVersionId ?? e.Id))
                     .Any(s =>
                         inProgress.Where(su => su.ItemId == s.Id).Max(su => su.LastPlayedDate)
                             > inProgress.Where(eu => eu.ItemId == e.Id).Max(eu => eu.LastPlayedDate)
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Library/MediaSourceManagerTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Library/MediaSourceManagerTests.cs
index b788fb304e..c80f899498 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Library/MediaSourceManagerTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Library/MediaSourceManagerTests.cs
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests.Library
         }
 
         [Fact]
-        public void GetStaticMediaSources_PrimaryQueried_PopulatesPerVersionPositionsAndDefaultsToMostRecent()
+        public void GetStaticMediaSources_PrimaryQueried_DefaultsToMostRecentlyPlayedVersion()
         {
             var (primary, alt1, alt2) = SetupVersionGroup();
             SetupUserDataBatch(new Dictionary<Guid, UserItemData>
@@ -161,12 +161,8 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests.Library
 
             var sources = _mediaSourceManager.GetStaticMediaSources(primary, false, _user);
 
-            // Each version carries its own resume point; the primary has none.
-            Assert.Equal((long?)10, sources.First(s => s.Id == alt1.Id.ToString("N")).PlaybackPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Equal((long?)20, sources.First(s => s.Id == alt2.Id.ToString("N")).PlaybackPositionTicks);
-            Assert.Null(sources.First(s => s.Id == primary.Id.ToString("N")).PlaybackPositionTicks);
-
             // The most recently played version is the default source, so resuming plays the right file.
+            // Per-user positions live in each version's UserData, not on the source.
             Assert.Equal(alt2.Id.ToString("N"), sources[0].Id);
         }
 
@@ -182,9 +178,8 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests.Library
             var sources = _mediaSourceManager.GetStaticMediaSources(alt1, false, _user);
 
             // An explicitly opened version keeps its own source first, even when a sibling was
-            // played more recently, but the sibling's resume point is still populated.
+            // played more recently.
             Assert.Equal(alt1.Id.ToString("N"), sources[0].Id);
-            Assert.Equal((long?)20, sources.First(s => s.Id == alt2.Id.ToString("N")).PlaybackPositionTicks);
             Assert.Equal(3, sources.Count);
         }
 
@@ -197,7 +192,6 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests.Library
             var sources = _mediaSourceManager.GetStaticMediaSources(primary, false, _user);
 
             Assert.Equal(primary.Id.ToString("N"), sources[0].Id);
-            Assert.All(sources, s => Assert.Null(s.PlaybackPositionTicks));
         }
 
         [Fact]
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Library/PathExtensionsTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Library/PathExtensionsTests.cs
index 650d67b195..e65bc1d31f 100644
--- a/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Library/PathExtensionsTests.cs
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Library/PathExtensionsTests.cs
@@ -9,44 +9,105 @@ namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests.Library
     {
         [Theory]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [imdbid=tt10985510]", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [imdb=tt10985510]", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [imdbid-tt10985510]", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [imdb-tt10985510]", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son - tt10985510", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {imdbid=tt10985510}", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {imdb=tt10985510}", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {imdbid-tt10985510}", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {imdb-tt10985510}", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (imdbid=tt10985510)", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (imdb=tt10985510)", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (imdbid-tt10985510)", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (imdb-tt10985510)", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son", "imdbid", null)]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [imdbid1=tt11111111][imdbid=tt10985510]", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [imdbid1=tt11111111][imdb=tt10985510]", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {imdbid1=tt11111111}(imdbid=tt10985510)", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {imdbid1=tt11111111}(imdb=tt10985510)", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (imdbid1-tt11111111)[imdbid=tt10985510]", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (imdbid1-tt11111111)[imdb=tt10985510]", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdbid=618355][imdbid=tt10985510]", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdbid=618355][imdb=tt10985510]", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdbid-618355]{imdbid-tt10985510}", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdbid-618355]{imdb-tt10985510}", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (tmdbid-618355)[imdbid-tt10985510]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (tmdbid-618355)[imdb-tt10985510]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [providera-id=1]", "providera-id", "1")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [providerb-id=2]", "providerb-id", "2")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [providera id=4]", "providera id", "4")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [providerb id=5]", "providerb id", "5")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [provider=99][providerid=5]", "providerid", "5")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdbid=3]", "tmdbid", "3")]
-        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tvdbid-6]", "tvdbid", "6")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdb=3]", "tmdbid", "3")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdbid-3]", "tmdbid", "3")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdb-3]", "tmdbid", "3")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {tmdbid=3}", "tmdbid", "3")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {tmdb=3}", "tmdbid", "3")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {tmdbid-3}", "tmdbid", "3")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {tmdb-3}", "tmdbid", "3")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (tmdbid=6)", "tmdbid", "6")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (tmdb=6)", "tmdbid", "6")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (tmdbid-6)", "tmdbid", "6")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (tmdb-6)", "tmdbid", "6")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tvdbid=6]", "tvdbid", "6")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tvdb=6]", "tvdbid", "6")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tvdbid-6]", "tvdbid", "6")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tvdb-6]", "tvdbid", "6")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {tvdbid=3}", "tvdbid", "3")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {tvdb=3}", "tvdbid", "3")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {tvdbid-3}", "tvdbid", "3")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {tvdb-3}", "tvdbid", "3")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (tvdbid=6)", "tvdbid", "6")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (tvdb=6)", "tvdbid", "6")]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (tvdbid-6)", "tvdbid", "6")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son (tvdb-6)", "tvdbid", "6")]
         [InlineData("[tmdbid=618355]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
+        [InlineData("[tmdb=618355]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
         [InlineData("{tmdbid=618355}", "tmdbid", "618355")]
+        [InlineData("{tmdb=618355}", "tmdbid", "618355")]
         [InlineData("(tmdbid=618355)", "tmdbid", "618355")]
+        [InlineData("(tmdb=618355)", "tmdbid", "618355")]
         [InlineData("[tmdbid-618355]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
+        [InlineData("[tmdb-618355]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
         [InlineData("{tmdbid-618355)", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("{tmdb-618355)", "tmdbid", null)]
         [InlineData("[tmdbid-618355}", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("[tmdb-618355}", "tmdbid", null)]
         [InlineData("tmdbid=111111][tmdbid=618355]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
+        [InlineData("tmdbid=111111][tmdb=618355]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
         [InlineData("[tmdbid=618355]tmdbid=111111]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
+        [InlineData("[tmdb=618355]tmdbid=111111]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
         [InlineData("tmdbid=618355]", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("tmdb=618355]", "tmdbid", null)]
         [InlineData("[tmdbid=618355", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("[tmdb=618355", "tmdbid", null)]
         [InlineData("tmdbid=618355", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("tmdb=618355", "tmdbid", null)]
         [InlineData("tmdbid=", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("tmdb=", "tmdbid", null)]
         [InlineData("tmdbid", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("tmdb", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("[tmdbid= ][tmdbid=223344]", "tmdbid", "223344")]
+        [InlineData("[tmdb= ][tmdb=223344]", "tmdbid", "223344")]
+        [InlineData("[tmdbid=  ][tmdb=223344]", "tmdbid", "223344")]
+        [InlineData("[tmdb=   ][tmdbid=223344]", "tmdbid", "223344")]
         [InlineData("[tmdbid=][imdbid=tt10985510]", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("[tmdb=][imdbid=tt10985510]", "tmdbid", null)]
         [InlineData("[tmdbid-][imdbid-tt10985510]", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("[tmdb-][imdbid-tt10985510]", "tmdbid", null)]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdbid-618355][tmdbid=1234567]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdb-618355][tmdbid=1234567]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
         [InlineData("{tmdbid=}{imdbid=tt10985510}", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("{tmdb=}{imdbid=tt10985510}", "tmdbid", null)]
         [InlineData("(tmdbid-)(imdbid-tt10985510)", "tmdbid", null)]
+        [InlineData("(tmdb-)(imdbid-tt10985510)", "tmdbid", null)]
         [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {tmdbid-618355}{tmdbid=1234567}", "tmdbid", "618355")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son {tmdb-618355}{tmdbid=1234567}", "tmdbid", "618355")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son - tt10985510 [imdbid1=tt11]", "imdbid", "tt10985510")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdb=618355][tmdbid1=1]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
+        [InlineData("Superman: Red Son [tmdb=618355][tmdbid=12345]", "tmdbid", "618355")]
         public void GetAttributeValue_ValidArgs_Correct(string input, string attribute, string? expectedResult)
         {
             Assert.Equal(expectedResult, PathExtensions.GetAttributeValue(input, attribute));
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Library/UserDataManagerTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Library/UserDataManagerTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bd14ca008d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Library/UserDataManagerTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,209 @@
+using System;
+using System.Collections.Generic;
+using Emby.Server.Implementations.Library;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Entities;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Locking;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Providers.Sqlite;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Configuration;
+using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+using AudioBook = MediaBrowser.Controller.Entities.AudioBook;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests.Library;
+
+public sealed class UserDataManagerTests : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly SqliteConnection _connection;
+    private readonly DbContextOptions<JellyfinDbContext> _dbOptions;
+    private readonly UserDataManager _userDataManager;
+    private readonly User _user;
+
+    public UserDataManagerTests()
+    {
+        _connection = new SqliteConnection("Data Source=:memory:");
+        _connection.Open();
+
+        _dbOptions = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<JellyfinDbContext>()
+            .UseSqlite(_connection)
+            .Options;
+
+        using (var ctx = CreateDbContext())
+        {
+            ctx.Database.EnsureCreated();
+        }
+
+        var factory = new Mock<IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext>>();
+        factory.Setup(f => f.CreateDbContext()).Returns(CreateDbContext);
+
+        var config = new Mock<IServerConfigurationManager>();
+        config.SetupGet(c => c.Configuration).Returns(new ServerConfiguration());
+
+        _userDataManager = new UserDataManager(config.Object, factory.Object);
+        _user = new User("user", "auth-provider", "reset-provider")
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid()
+        };
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+        _connection.Dispose();
+    }
+
+    private JellyfinDbContext CreateDbContext()
+    {
+        return new JellyfinDbContext(
+            _dbOptions,
+            NullLogger<JellyfinDbContext>.Instance,
+            new SqliteDatabaseProvider(null!, NullLogger<SqliteDatabaseProvider>.Instance),
+            new NoLockBehavior(NullLogger<NoLockBehavior>.Instance));
+    }
+
+    private AudioBook CreateAudioBook()
+    {
+        // GetUserDataKeys(): ["Author-Series-0001Book Title", "<item id N>"]
+        return new AudioBook
+        {
+            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
+            Name = "Book Title",
+            Album = "Series",
+            AlbumArtists = new[] { "Author" },
+            IndexNumber = 1
+        };
+    }
+
+    private UserData CreateUserDataRow(AudioBook item, string key, long positionTicks)
+    {
+        return new UserData
+        {
+            ItemId = item.Id,
+            Item = null,
+            UserId = _user.Id,
+            User = null,
+            CustomDataKey = key,
+            PlaybackPositionTicks = positionTicks
+        };
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetUserData_RowsUnderCurrentAndRetiredKeys_PrefersCurrentKeyRow()
+    {
+        var item = CreateAudioBook();
+        var currentKey = item.GetUserDataKeys()[0];
+
+        // the retired-key row comes first to ensure selection is by key, not row order
+        item.UserData = new List<UserData>
+        {
+            CreateUserDataRow(item, "Author-Old Album-0001Old File Name", 111),
+            CreateUserDataRow(item, currentKey, 222)
+        };
+
+        var userData = _userDataManager.GetUserData(_user, item);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(userData);
+        Assert.Equal(currentKey, userData.Key);
+        Assert.Equal(222, userData.PlaybackPositionTicks);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetUserData_NoPrimaryKeyRow_UsesNextCurrentKeyRow()
+    {
+        var item = CreateAudioBook();
+        var idKey = item.GetUserDataKeys()[1];
+
+        item.UserData = new List<UserData>
+        {
+            CreateUserDataRow(item, "Author-Old Album-0001Old File Name", 111),
+            CreateUserDataRow(item, idKey, 333)
+        };
+
+        var userData = _userDataManager.GetUserData(_user, item);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(userData);
+        Assert.Equal(idKey, userData.Key);
+        Assert.Equal(333, userData.PlaybackPositionTicks);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetUserData_OnlyRetiredKeyRows_ReturnsRetiredKeyRow()
+    {
+        var item = CreateAudioBook();
+
+        item.UserData = new List<UserData>
+        {
+            CreateUserDataRow(item, "Author-Old Album-0001Old File Name", 111)
+        };
+
+        var userData = _userDataManager.GetUserData(_user, item);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(userData);
+        Assert.Equal(111, userData.PlaybackPositionTicks);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetUserData_NoRows_ReturnsDefaultWithPrimaryKey()
+    {
+        var item = CreateAudioBook();
+        item.UserData = new List<UserData>();
+
+        var userData = _userDataManager.GetUserData(_user, item);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(userData);
+        Assert.Equal(item.GetUserDataKeys()[0], userData.Key);
+        Assert.Equal(0, userData.PlaybackPositionTicks);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetUserData_RowsForOtherUsers_AreIgnored()
+    {
+        var item = CreateAudioBook();
+        var currentKey = item.GetUserDataKeys()[0];
+
+        var otherUserRow = CreateUserDataRow(item, currentKey, 999);
+        otherUserRow.UserId = Guid.NewGuid();
+
+        item.UserData = new List<UserData>
+        {
+            otherUserRow,
+            CreateUserDataRow(item, currentKey, 222)
+        };
+
+        var userData = _userDataManager.GetUserData(_user, item);
+
+        Assert.NotNull(userData);
+        Assert.Equal(222, userData.PlaybackPositionTicks);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public void GetUserDataBatch_DatabaseFallback_ResolvesRowsByKeyOrder()
+    {
+        // no preloaded navigation data, so the batch takes the database fallback
+        var fossilItem = CreateAudioBook();
+        var retiredItem = CreateAudioBook();
+
+        using (var ctx = CreateDbContext())
+        {
+            ctx.Users.Add(_user);
+            ctx.BaseItems.Add(new BaseItemEntity { Id = fossilItem.Id, Type = typeof(AudioBook).FullName! });
+            ctx.BaseItems.Add(new BaseItemEntity { Id = retiredItem.Id, Type = typeof(AudioBook).FullName! });
+
+            // the stale id-key row is inserted first so selection by row order would return it
+            ctx.UserData.AddRange(
+                CreateUserDataRow(fossilItem, fossilItem.GetUserDataKeys()[1], 111),
+                CreateUserDataRow(fossilItem, fossilItem.GetUserDataKeys()[0], 222),
+                CreateUserDataRow(retiredItem, "Author-Old Album-0001Old File Name", 333));
+            ctx.SaveChanges();
+        }
+
+        var result = _userDataManager.GetUserDataBatch([fossilItem, retiredItem], _user);
+
+        Assert.Equal(222, result[fossilItem.Id].PlaybackPositionTicks);
+        Assert.Equal(333, result[retiredItem.Id].PlaybackPositionTicks);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Users/UserManagerProfileImageTests.cs b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Users/UserManagerProfileImageTests.cs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cb714a4014
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests/Users/UserManagerProfileImageTests.cs
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+using System;
+using System.IO;
+using System.Threading;
+using System.Threading.Tasks;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Entities;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Implementations.Locking;
+using Jellyfin.Database.Providers.Sqlite;
+using Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Users;
+using MediaBrowser.Common;
+using MediaBrowser.Common.Net;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Authentication;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Configuration;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Drawing;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Events;
+using MediaBrowser.Controller.Library;
+using MediaBrowser.Model.Cryptography;
+using Microsoft.Data.Sqlite;
+using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Abstractions;
+using Moq;
+using Xunit;
+
+namespace Jellyfin.Server.Implementations.Tests.Users
+{
+    public sealed class UserManagerProfileImageTests : IDisposable
+    {
+        private readonly SqliteConnection _connection;
+        private readonly DbContextOptions<JellyfinDbContext> _dbOptions;
+        private readonly UserManager _userManager;
+
+        public UserManagerProfileImageTests()
+        {
+            _connection = new SqliteConnection("Data Source=:memory:");
+            _connection.Open();
+
+            _dbOptions = new DbContextOptionsBuilder<JellyfinDbContext>()
+                .UseSqlite(_connection)
+                .Options;
+
+            // Create the schema
+            using var ctx = CreateDbContext();
+            ctx.Database.EnsureCreated();
+
+            var factory = new Mock<IDbContextFactory<JellyfinDbContext>>();
+            factory.Setup(f => f.CreateDbContext()).Returns(CreateDbContext);
+            factory.Setup(f => f.CreateDbContextAsync(It.IsAny<CancellationToken>()))
+                .ReturnsAsync(CreateDbContext);
+
+            var cryptoProvider = new Mock<ICryptoProvider>();
+            var configManager = new Mock<IServerConfigurationManager>();
+            var appPaths = new Mock<IServerApplicationPaths>();
+            appPaths.Setup(x => x.ProgramDataPath).Returns(Path.GetTempPath());
+            configManager.Setup(x => x.ApplicationPaths).Returns(appPaths.Object);
+
+            var appHost = new Mock<IApplicationHost>();
+
+            var defaultAuthProvider = new DefaultAuthenticationProvider(
+                NullLogger<DefaultAuthenticationProvider>.Instance,
+                cryptoProvider.Object);
+            var invalidAuthProvider = new InvalidAuthProvider();
+            var defaultPasswordResetProvider = new DefaultPasswordResetProvider(
+                configManager.Object,
+                appHost.Object);
+
+            _userManager = new UserManager(
+                factory.Object,
+                new NoopEventManager(),
+                new Mock<INetworkManager>().Object,
+                appHost.Object,
+                new Mock<IImageProcessor>().Object,
+                NullLogger<UserManager>.Instance,
+                configManager.Object,
+                new IPasswordResetProvider[] { defaultPasswordResetProvider },
+                new IAuthenticationProvider[] { defaultAuthProvider, invalidAuthProvider });
+        }
+
+        public void Dispose()
+        {
+            _userManager.Dispose();
+            _connection.Dispose();
+        }
+
+        private JellyfinDbContext CreateDbContext()
+        {
+            return new JellyfinDbContext(
+                _dbOptions,
+                NullLogger<JellyfinDbContext>.Instance,
+                new SqliteDatabaseProvider(null!, NullLogger<SqliteDatabaseProvider>.Instance),
+                new NoLockBehavior(NullLogger<NoLockBehavior>.Instance));
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ClearProfileImageAsync_WhenInMemoryImageHasTemporaryKey_RemovesPersistedImage()
+        {
+            var user = await _userManager.CreateUserAsync("profileimageuser");
+
+            // Assign a profile image the same way the image endpoint does and persist it.
+            // UpdateUserAsync creates the persisted ImageInfo on a separately loaded db entity,
+            // so the in-memory instance below is never assigned the database generated key.
+            user.ProfileImage = new ImageInfo(Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), "profile.png"));
+            await _userManager.UpdateUserAsync(user);
+
+            // Precondition reproducing the bug: the in-memory image still carries the default,
+            // never-persisted (temporary) key, while a real image row exists in the database.
+            Assert.Equal(0, user.ProfileImage.Id);
+            Assert.NotNull(_userManager.GetUserById(user.Id)!.ProfileImage);
+
+            // This used to throw InvalidOperationException:
+            // "The property 'ImageInfo.Id' has a temporary value while attempting to change the entity's state to 'Deleted'."
+            var exception = await Record.ExceptionAsync(() => _userManager.ClearProfileImageAsync(user));
+
+            Assert.Null(exception);
+            Assert.Null(user.ProfileImage);
+            Assert.Null(_userManager.GetUserById(user.Id)!.ProfileImage);
+        }
+
+        [Fact]
+        public async Task ClearProfileImageAsync_WhenNoProfileImage_DoesNothing()
+        {
+            var user = await _userManager.CreateUserAsync("noprofileimageuser");
+
+            var exception = await Record.ExceptionAsync(() => _userManager.ClearProfileImageAsync(user));
+
+            Assert.Null(exception);
+            Assert.Null(user.ProfileImage);
+        }
+
+        private sealed class NoopEventManager : IEventManager
+        {
+            public void Publish<T>(T eventArgs)
+                where T : EventArgs
+            {
+            }
+
+            public Task PublishAsync<T>(T eventArgs)
+                where T : EventArgs
+                => Task.CompletedTask;
+        }
+    }
+}